Compounds as modulators of ror gamma

ABSTRACT

The present invention encompasses compounds of the formula (I) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein the variables are defined herein which are suitable for the modulation of RORγ and the treatment of diseases related to the modulation of RORγ. The present invention also encompasses processes of making compounds of formula (I) and pharmaceutical preparations containing them.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Technical Field

The present invention relates to novel compounds which modulate the activity of RORγ and their use as medicaments.

2. Background Information

RORγ (retinoic acid receptor related orphan receptor gamma) (also referred to as “RORγt”) is a transcription factor belonging to the steroid hormone receptor superfamily (reviewed in Jetten 2006. Adv. Dev Biol. 16: 313-355.). RORγ has been identified as a transcriptional factor that is required for the differentiation of T cells and secretion of Interleukin 17 (IL-17) from a subset of T cells termed Th₁₇ cells (Ivanov, Cell 2006, 126, 1121-1133). The rationale for the use of a RORγ targeted therapy for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases is based on the emerging evidence that Th₁₇ cells and the cytokine IL-17 contribute to the initiation and progression of the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases including psoriasis, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and Crohn's disease (reviewed in Miossec, Nature Drug Discovery 2012, 11, 763-776; see also Khan et al., Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 23 (2013), 532-536). The outcome of recent clinical trials with neutralizing antibodies to IL-17 and its receptor IL-17RA (Leonardi 2012, New England Journal of Medicine, 366, 1190-1199; Papp 2012, New England Journal of Medicine 366, 1181-1189) in psoriasis highlight the role of IL-17 in the pathogenesis of this disease. As such, attenuation of IL-17 secretion from activated Th₁₇ T cells via inhibition of RORγ may offer similar therapeutic benefit.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention comprises a novel class of heteroaromatic compounds and methods for making and using the same, said compounds having the general structure of formula (I), wherein the substituent groups are as herein defined:

These compounds are useful for the treatment of autoimmune and allergic disorders in that they exhibit good modulatory effect upon RORγ.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Definitions and Conventions Used

Terms that are not specifically defined here have the meanings that would be apparent to a person skilled in the art, in the light of the overall disclosure and the context as a whole.

As used herein, the following definitions apply, unless stated otherwise:

The use of the prefix C_(x-y), wherein x and y each represent a natural number, indicates that the chain or ring structure or combination of chain and ring structure as a whole, specified and mentioned in direct association, may consist of a maximum of y and a minimum of x number of carbon atoms.

In general, for groups comprising two or more subgroups, unless otherwise indicated the last named subgroup is the radical attachment point, for example, the substituent “aryl-C₁₋₃-alkyl” means an aryl group which is bound to a C₁₋₃-alkyl-group, the latter of which is bound to the core or to the group to which the substituent is attached. However, if a bond is depicted just prior to the first named subgroup, then that first named subgroup is the radical attachment point, for example, the substituent “—S(O)_(n)C₁₋₆alkyl” means a C₁₋₆-alkyl-group which is bound to an S(O)_(n) group, the latter of which is bound to the core or to the group to which the substituent is attached.

Alkyl denotes monovalent, saturated hydrocarbon chains, which may be present in both straight-chain (unbranched) and branched form. If an alkyl is substituted, the substitution may take place independently of one another, by mono- or polysubstitution in each case, on all the hydrogen-carrying carbon atoms.

For example, the term “C₁₋₅alkyl” includes for example H₃C—, H₃C—CH₂—, H₃C—CH₂—CH₂—, H₃C—CH(CH₃)—, H₃C—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—, H₃C—CH₂—CH(CH₃)—, H₃C—CH(CH₃)—CH₂—, H₃C—C(CH₃)₂—, H₃C—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—, H₃C—CH₂—CH₂—CH(CH₃)—, H₃C—CH₂—CH(CH₃)—CH₂—, H₃C—CH(CH₃)—CH₂—CH₂—, H₃C—CH₂—C(CH₃)₂—, H₃C—C(CH₃)₂—CH₂—, H₃C—CH(CH₃)—CH(CH₃)— and H₃C—CH₂—CH(CH₂CH₃)—.

Further examples of alkyl are methyl (Me; —CH₃), ethyl (Et; —CH₂CH₃), 1-propyl (n-propyl; n-Pr; —CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2-propyl (i-Pr; iso-propyl; —CH(CH₃)₂), 1-butyl (n-butyl; n-Bu; —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2-methyl-1-propyl (iso-butyl; i-Bu; —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂), 2-butyl (sec-butyl; sec-Bu; —CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃), 2-methyl-2-propyl (tert-butyl; t-Bu; —C(CH₃)₃), 1-pentyl n-pentyl; —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2-pentyl (—CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₂CH₃), 3-pentyl (—CH(CH₂CH₃)₂), 3-methyl-1-butyl (iso-pentyl; —CH₂CH₂CH(CH₃)₂), 2-methyl-2-butyl (—C(CH₃)₂CH₂CH₃), 3-methyl-2-butyl (—CH(CH₃)CH(CH₃)₂), 2,2-dimethyl-1-propyl(neo-pentyl; —CH₂C(CH₃)₃), 2-methyl-1-butyl (—CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃), 1-hexyl (n-hexyl; —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2-hexyl (—CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 3-hexyl (—CH(CH₂CH₃)(CH₂CH₂CH₃)), 2-methyl-2-pentyl (—C(CH₃)₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 3-methyl-2-pentyl (—CH(CH₃)CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃), 4-methyl-2-pentyl (—CH(CH₃)CH₂CH(CH₃)₂), 3-methyl-3-pentyl (—C(CH₃)(CH₂CH₃)₂), 2-methyl-3-pentyl (—CH(CH₂CH₃)CH(CH₃)₂), 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl (—C(CH₃)₂CH(CH₃)₂), 3,3-dimethyl-2-butyl (—CH(CH₃)C(CH₃)₃), 2,3-dimethyl-1-butyl (—CH₂CH(CH₃)CH(CH₃)CH₃), 2,2-dimethyl-1-butyl (—CH₂C(CH₃)₂CH₂CH₃), 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl (—CH₂CH₂C(CH₃)₃), 2-methyl-1-pentyl (—CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₂CH₃), 3-methyl-1-pentyl (—CH₂CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃), 1-heptyl (n-heptyl), 2-methyl-1-hexyl, 3-methyl-1-hexyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-pentyl, 2,3-dimethyl-1-pentyl, 2,4-dimethyl-1-pentyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-pentyl, 2,2,3-trimethyl-1-butyl, 3-ethyl-1-pentyl, 1-octyl (n-octyl), 1-nonyl (n-nonyl); 1-decyl (n-decyl) etc.

By the terms propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl etc. without any further definition are meant saturated hydrocarbon groups with the corresponding number of carbon atoms, wherein all isomeric forms are included.

The above definition for alkyl also applies if alkyl is a part of another (combined) group such as for example C_(x-y)alkylamino or C_(x-y)alkoxy.

Unlike alkyl, alkenyl, when used alone or in combination, consists of at least two carbon atoms, wherein at least two adjacent carbon atoms are joined together by a C—C double bond and a carbon atom can only be part of one C—C double bond. If in an alkyl as hereinbefore defined having at least two carbon atoms, two hydrogen atoms on adjacent carbon atoms are formally removed and the free valencies are saturated to form a second bond, the corresponding alkenyl is formed.

Alkenyl may optionally be present in the cis or trans or E or Z orientation with regard to the double bond(s).

Unlike alkyl, alkynyl, when used alone or in combination, consists of at least two carbon atoms, wherein at least two adjacent carbon atoms are joined together by a C—C triple bond. If in an alkyl as hereinbefore defined having at least two carbon atoms, two hydrogen atoms in each case at adjacent carbon atoms are formally removed and the free valencies are saturated to form two further bonds, the corresponding alkynyl is formed.

Haloalkyl (haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl), when used alone or in combination, is derived from the previously defined alkyl (alkenyl, alkynyl) by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms of the hydrocarbon chain independently of one another by halogen atoms, which may be identical or different. If a haloalkyl (haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl) is to be further substituted, the substitutions may take place independently of one another, in the form of mono- or polysubstitutions in each case, on all the hydrogen-carrying carbon atoms.

Examples of haloalkyl (haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl) are —CF₃, —CHF₂, —CH₂F, —CF₂CF₃, —CHFCF₃, —CH₂CF₃, —CF₂CH₃, —CHFCH₃, —CF₂CF₂CF₃, —CF₂CH₂CH₃, —CF═CF₂, —CCl═CH₂, —CBr═CH₂, —C≡C—CF₃, —CHFCH₂CH₃, —CHFCH₂CF₃ etc.

Halogen relates to fluorine, chlorine, bromine and/or iodine atoms.

The term “cycloalkyl”, when used alone or in combination, refers to a nonaromatic 3 to 12-membered (but preferably, 3 to 6-membered) monocyclic carbocyclic radical or a nonaromatic 6 to 10-membered fused bicyclic, bridged bicyclic, propellane or spirocyclic carbocyclic radical. The C₃₋₁₂ cycloalkyl may be either saturated or partially unsaturated, and the carbocycle may be attached by any atom of the cycle which results in the creation of a stable structure. Non-limiting examples of 3 to 10-membered monocyclic carbocycles include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptanyl, cycloheptenyl, and cyclohexanone. Non-limiting examples of 6 to 10-membered fused bicyclic carbocyclic radicals include bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane, bicyclo[3.3.0]octane, bicyclo[4.3.0]nonane, and bicyclo[4.4.0]decanyl (decahydronaphthalenyl). Non-limiting examples of 6 to 10-membered bridged bicyclic carbocyclic radicals include bicyclo[2.2.2]heptanyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, and bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl. Non-limiting examples of 6 to 10-membered propellane carbocyclic radicals include but are not limited to [1.1.1]propellane, [3.3.3]propellane and [3.3.1]propellane. Non-limiting examples of 6 to 10-membered spirocyclic carbocyclic radicals include but are not limited to spiro[3,3]heptanyl, spiro[3,4]octanyl and spiro[4,4]heptanyl.

The term “heterocyclyl”, when used alone or in combination, refers to a heterocyclic ring system that contains 2-10 carbon atoms and one to four heteroatom ring atoms chosen from NH, NR′, oxygen and sulfur wherein R′ is C₁₋₆ alkyl and includes stable nonaromatic 4-8 membered monocyclic heterocyclic radical or a stable nonaromatic 6 to 11-membered fused bicyclic, bridged bicyclic or spirocyclic heterocyclic radical. The heterocycle may be either completely saturated or partially unsaturated. In one embodiment the heterocycle is a C₃₋₆ heterocycle, i.e., containing 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of nonaromatic monocyclic heterocyclic radicals include tetrahydrofuranyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dioxanyl, thiomorpholinyl, 1,1-dioxo-1.lamda₆-thiomorpholinyl, morpholinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, and azepinyl. Non-limiting examples of nonaromatic 6 to 11-membered fused bicyclic radicals include octahydroindolyl, octahydrobenzofuranyl, and octahydrobenzothiophenyl. Non-limiting examples of nonaromatic 6 to 11-membered bridged bicyclic radicals include 2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanyl, and 3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl. Non-limiting examples of nonaromatic 6 to 11-membered spirocyclic heterocyclic radicals include 7-aza-spiro[3,3]heptanyl, 7-spiro[3,4]octanyl, and 7-aza-spiro[3,4]octanyl. Sulfur and nitrogen may optionally be present in all the possible oxidation stages (sulphur→sulphoxide —SO—, sulphone —SO₂—; nitrogen→N-oxide).

The term “aryl”, when used alone or in combination, refers to an aromatic hydrocarbon ring containing from six to fourteen carbon ring atoms (e.g., a C₆₋₁₄ aryl, preferably C₆₋₁₀ aryl). The term C₆₋₁₄ aryl includes monocyclic rings, fused rings and bicyclic rings where at least one of the rings is aromatic. Non-limiting examples of C₆₋₁₄ aryls include phenyl, indanyl, indenyl, benzocyclobutanyl, dihydronaphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, naphthyl, benzocycloheptanyl and benzocycloheptenyl.

As used herein, the term “heteroaryl”, when used alone or in combination, refers to a heteroaromatic ring system that contains 2-10 carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatom ring atoms selected from N, NH, NR′, 0 and S wherein R′ is C₁₋₆ alkyl and includes aromatic 5 to 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryls and aromatic 7 to 11-membered heteroaryl bicyclic or fused rings where at least one of the rings is aromatic. Non-limiting examples of 5 to 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl rings include furanyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, pyranyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, tetrazolyl, triazolyl, thienyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, and purinyl. Non-limiting examples of 7 to 11-membered heteroaryl bicyclic or fused rings include benzimidazolyl, 1,3-dihydrobenzoimidazol-2-one, quinolinyl, dihydro-2H-quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinazolinyl, indazolyl, thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzopyranyl, benzodioxolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridinyl, and imidazo[4,5-b]pyridinyl. Sulfur and nitrogen may optionally be present in all the possible oxidation stages (sulphur→sulphoxide —SO—, sulphone —SO₂—; nitrogen→N-oxide).

The compounds of the invention are only those which are contemplated to be chemically stable as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. For example, a compound which would have a “dangling valency”, or a carbanion are not compounds contemplated by the inventive methods disclosed herein.

Unless specifically indicated, throughout the specification and appended claims, a given chemical formula or name shall encompass tautomers and all stereo, optical and geometrical isomers (e.g. enantiomers, diastereomers, E/Z isomers, etc.) and racemates thereof as well as mixtures in different proportions of the separate enantiomers, mixtures of diastereomers, or mixtures of any of the foregoing forms where such isomers and enantiomers exist, as well as salts, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and their corresponding unsolvated as well as solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol and the like.

Compounds of the invention also include their isotopically-labelled forms. An isotopically-labelled form of an active agent of a combination of the present invention is identical to said active agent but for the fact that one or more atoms of said active agent have been replaced by an atom or atoms having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number of said atom which is usually found in nature.

Examples of isotopes which are readily available commercially and which can be incorporated into an active agent of a combination of the present invention in accordance with well established procedures, include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine and chlorine, e.g., ²H, ³H, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N ¹⁸O, ¹⁷O, ³¹P, ³²P, ³⁵S, ¹⁸F, and ³⁶Cl, respectively. An active agent of a combination of the present invention, a prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of either which contains one or more of the above-mentioned isotopes and/or other isotopes of other atoms is contemplated to be within the scope of the present invention.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgement, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, and commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic and organic acids and bases. Examples of suitable acids include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, nitric, perchloric, fumaric, maleic, phosphoric, glycolic, lactic, salicylic, succinic, toluene-p-sulfuric, tartaric, acetic, citric, methanesulfonic, formic, benzoic, malonic, naphthalene-2-sulfuric and benzenesulfonic acids. Other acids, such as oxalic acid, while not themselves pharmaceutically acceptable, may be employed in the preparation of salts useful as intermediates in obtaining the compounds and their pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts. Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be formed with cations from metals like aluminium, calcium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, zinc and the like (also see Pharmaceutical salts, Birge, S. M. et al., J. Pharm. Sci., (1977), 66, 1-19).

The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention can be synthesised from the parent compound which contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base form of these compounds with a sufficient amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic diluent like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile, or a mixture thereof.

By a therapeutically effective amount for the purposes of this invention is meant a quantity of substance that is capable of obviating symptoms of illness or alleviating these symptoms, or which prolong the survival of a treated patient.

Embodiments of the Invention

A general embodiment of the invention is directed to a compound of formula (I) below:

wherein:

R¹ is:

-   -   —CN;     -   —S(O)_(n)R⁶;     -   —S(O)_(n)NR⁷R⁸;     -   —S(O)(NR⁹)R⁶;     -   —N(R⁹)C(O)R⁶;     -   —N(R⁹)C(O)OR⁶;     -   —N(R⁹)S(O)_(n)R⁶;     -   —C(O)OR⁹;     -   —C(O)NR⁷R⁸; or     -   —C(O)R⁹; or

R⁶, R⁷, R⁸ or R⁹ of R¹ may be cyclized onto W to form a ring; and

R² and R³ are each independently:

-   -   (A) —H;     -   (B) C₁₋₃ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two or three         groups selected from:         -   a) C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl;         -   b) —OR⁹;         -   c) —CN;         -   d) —CF₃;         -   e) -halo;         -   f) —C(O)OR⁹;         -   g) —C(O)N(R⁹)₂;         -   h) —S(O)_(n)R⁹; and         -   i) —S(O)_(n)NR⁷R⁸; or     -   (C) C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl;     -   (D) C₃₋₆ heterocyclyl; or     -   R² and R³ are taken together with the carbon to which they are         attached to form a C₃₋₆ carbocyclic ring; or     -   R² and R³ are taken together with the carbon to which they are         attached to form a C₃₋₆ heterocyclic ring; or     -   R² or R³ may be cyclized onto W to form a ring;     -   R⁴ is:     -   (A) C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two or three         groups selected from:         -   a) C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl;         -   b) C₃₋₆ heterocyclyl;         -   c) —OR⁹;         -   d) —CN;         -   e) —S(O)_(n)R⁹;         -   f) -halo; and         -   g) —CF₃; or     -   (B) C₃₋₁₂ cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one, two or         three groups selected from:         -   a) C₁₋₆ alkyl;         -   b) —OR⁹;         -   c) —CN;         -   d) —S(O)_(n)R⁹;         -   e) -halo; and         -   f) —CF₃; or     -   (C) aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl each optionally substituted         with one, two or three groups selected from:         -   a) C₁₋₆ alkyl;         -   b) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl;         -   c) —OR⁹;         -   d) —CN;         -   e) —S(O)_(n)R⁹;         -   f) -halo; and         -   g) —CF₃;     -   R⁵ is aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or C₃₋₁₂ cycloalkyl each         optionally substituted with one, two or three groups selected         from:     -   (A) C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl or C₃₋₆ heterocyclyl each         optionally substituted with one, two or three groups selected         from:         -   a) C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl;         -   b) C₃₋₆ heterocyclyl;         -   c) —OR⁹;         -   d) —CN;         -   e) —S(O)_(n)NR⁷R⁸         -   f) —S(O)_(n)R⁹         -   g) -halo; and         -   h) —CF₃; or     -   (B) —OR⁹;     -   (C) —CN;     -   (D) —CF₃;     -   (E) -halo;     -   (F) —S(O)_(n)NR⁷R⁸;     -   (G) —S(O)_(n)R⁹; and     -   (H) —NR⁷R⁸;     -   W is aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, C₃₋₁₂ cycloalkyl, or         alkynyl each optionally substituted with one or two groups         selected from:         -   a) C₁₋₆ alkyl;         -   b) C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl;         -   c) —OR⁹;         -   d) —CN;         -   e) —CF₃;         -   f) -halo;         -   g) —NR⁷R⁸;         -   h) —C(O)OR⁹; and         -   i) —C(O)N(R⁹)₂;     -   R⁶ is selected from:     -   (A) —OH;     -   (B) C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or two groups         selected from:         -   a) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl;         -   b) —OR⁹;         -   c) —CN;         -   d) —CF₃; and         -   e) -halo;     -   (C) C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl; and     -   (D) —CF₃;     -   R⁷ and R⁸ are independently selected from:     -   (A) —H;     -   (B) C₁₋₃ alkyl optionally substituted with one or two groups         selected from:         -   a) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl;         -   b) —OR⁹;         -   c) —CN;         -   d) -halo; and     -   (C) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl; or     -   R⁷ and R⁸, together with the nitrogen to which they are bonded,         form a saturated ring with 3-6 carbon atoms wherein one carbon         atom in said saturated ring may be optionally replaced by —O—,         —NR⁹— or —S(O)_(n)—;     -   R⁹ is selected from;     -   (A) —H;     -   (B) C₁₋₃ alkyl optionally substituted with one or two groups         selected from:         -   a) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl;         -   b) —OR⁹;         -   c) —CN;         -   d) —CF₃; and         -   e) -halo; or     -   (C) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl; and     -   n is 0, 1 or 2;     -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Additional sub-embodiments within the various substituent definitions include the following:

R¹ Group Embodiments

-   -   (1) R¹ is:         -   —CN,         -   —S(O)_(n)R⁶,         -   —S(O)_(n)NR⁷R⁸;         -   —N(H)S(O)_(n)R⁶; or         -   —S(O)(NH)R⁶; and         -   wherein:         -   R⁶ is:         -   (A) C₁₋₃ alkyl optionally substituted with one or two groups             selected from:             -   a) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl;             -   b) —OR⁹; and             -   c) —CN; or         -   (B) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl;         -   R⁷ and R⁸ are each independently:         -   (A) —H; or         -   (B) C₁₋₃ alkyl; and         -   R⁹ is selected from;         -   (A) —H;         -   (B) C₁₋₃ alkyl; or         -   (C) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl; and         -   n is 1 or 2.     -   (2) R¹ is:         -   —S(O)_(n)R⁶         -   —S(O)_(n)NR⁷R⁸, or         -   S(O)(NH)R⁶; and         -   wherein:         -   R⁶ is:         -   (A) C₁₋₃ alkyl optionally substituted with one or two groups             selected from:             -   a) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl;             -   b) —OR⁹; and             -   c) —CN; or         -   (B) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl;         -   R⁷ and R⁸ are each independently:         -   (A) —H; or         -   (B) C₁₋₃ alkyl; and         -   R⁹ is selected from;         -   (A) —H;         -   (B) C₁₋₃ alkyl; or         -   (C) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl; and         -   n is 1 or 2.     -   (3) R¹ is —S(O)_(n)R⁶, —S(O)_(n)NR⁷R⁸ or —S(O)(NH)R⁶; and         -   R⁶ is C₁₋₃ alkyl; and         -   R⁷ and R⁸ are each independently:         -   (A) —H; or         -   (B) C₁₋₃ alkyl; and         -   n is 2.

R² and R³ Group Embodiments

-   -   (1) R² and R³ are each independently selected from:         -   (A) —H;         -   (B) C₁₋₃ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two or three             groups selected from:             -   a) C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl;             -   b) —OR⁹; or             -   c) -halo; and         -   R² and R³ are taken together with the carbon to which they             are attached to form a C₃₋₆ carbocyclic ring; or         -   R² and R³ are taken together with the carbon to which they             are attached to form a C₃₋₆ heterocyclic ring; and         -   R⁹ is selected from:         -   (A) —H; and         -   (B) C₁₋₃ alkyl.     -   (2) R² and R³ are each independently selected from:         -   (A) —H; and         -   (B) C₁₋₃ alkyl;     -   (3) R² and R³ are H.

R⁴ Group Embodiments

-   -   (1) R⁴ is:         -   (A) C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two or three             groups selected from:             -   a) C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl;             -   b) a 4, 5 or 6-membered heterocyclyl;             -   c) —OR₉;             -   d) —CN;             -   e) -halo; and             -   f) —CF₃; or         -   (B) C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one, two or             three groups selected from:             -   a) C₁₋₆ alkyl;             -   b) —OR⁹;             -   c) —CN;             -   d) -halo; and             -   e) —CF₃; and         -   wherein one carbon in said C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl may be optionally             replaced by —O—;         -   (C) Phenyl; or         -   (D) a 4, 5 or 6-membered heterocyclyl;         -   R⁹ is selected from:         -   (A) —H; and         -   (B) C₁₋₃ alkyl.     -   (2) R⁴ is:         -   (A) C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or two groups             selected from:             -   a) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl;             -   b) a 4, 5, or 6-membered heterocyclyl;             -   c) —OR⁹;             -   d) —CN;             -   e) -halo; and             -   f) —CF₃; or         -   (B) C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one, two or             three groups selected from:             -   a) C₁₋₆ alkyl;             -   b) —OR⁹;             -   c) —CN;             -   d) -halo; and             -   e) —CF₃; or         -   (C) Phenyl; or         -   (D) a 5 or 6-membered heterocyclyl; and         -   R⁹ is C₁₋₃ alkyl.     -   (3) R⁴ is:         -   (A) C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or two groups             selected from C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, halo, —CF₃, and C₁₋₃ alkoxy;             or         -   (B) C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or two             groups selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, —CF₃, and halo; or         -   (C) a 5-membered heterocyclyl.

R⁵ Group Embodiments

-   -   (1) R⁵ is aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl, each optionally         substituted with one, two or three groups selected from:         -   a) C₁₋₆ alkyl;         -   b) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl;         -   c) —OR⁹;         -   d) —CN;         -   e) —CF₃;         -   f) -halo; and         -   g) —NR⁷R⁸; and         -   R⁷, R⁸ and R⁹ are each independently selected from:         -   (A) —H; and         -   (B) C₁₋₃ alkyl.     -   (2) R⁵ is:         -   (A) phenyl optionally substituted with one, two or three             groups selected from:             -   a) C₁₋₆ alkyl;             -   b) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl;             -   c) —OR⁹;             -   d) —CN;             -   e) —CF₃; and             -   f) -halo; or         -   (B) a 5 or 6-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with             one, two or three groups selected from:             -   a) C₁₋₆ alkyl;             -   b) C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl;             -   c) —OR⁹;             -   d) —CN;             -   e) —CF₃;             -   f) -halo; and             -   g) —NR⁷R⁸; and         -   R⁷, R⁸ and R⁹ are each independently selected from:         -   (A) —H; and         -   (B) C₁₋₃ alkyl.     -   (3) R⁵ is pyridinyl or pyrimidinyl each optionally substituted         with one, two or three groups selected from:         -   a) C₁₋₆ alkyl;         -   b) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl;         -   c) —OR⁹;         -   d) —CF₃; and         -   e) —NR⁷R⁸; and         -   R⁷ and R⁸ are each independently selected from:         -   (A) —H;         -   (B) C₁₋₃ alkyl; and         -   R⁹ is C₁₋₃ alkyl.     -   (4) R⁵ is pyrimidinyl optionally substituted with one or two         groups selected from:         -   a) C₁₋₃ alkyl;         -   b) C₃₋₅ cycloalkyl;         -   c) C₁₋₃ alkoxy; and         -   d) —CF₃.

W Group Embodiments

-   -   (1) W is phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, piperidinyl,         piperizinyl, pyrazinyl or C₃₋₁₂ cycloalkyl, each optionally         substituted with one or two groups selected from:         -   a) C₁₋₆ alkyl;         -   b) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl;         -   c) —OR⁹;         -   d) —CN;         -   e) —CF₃;         -   f) -halo;         -   g) —NR⁷R⁸         -   h) —C(O)OR⁹; and         -   i) —C(O)N(R⁹)₂;         -   R⁷, R⁸ and R⁹ are each selected from:         -   (A) —H; and         -   (B) C₁₋₃ alkyl.     -   (2) W is phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl or piperidinyl.

Additional embodiments include any possible combinations of the above sub-embodiments for R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, and W.

Additional Subgeneric Embodiments of Formula (I)

Additional subgeneric embodiments of the compounds of formula (I) above include:

(1) A compound of formula (I) as described above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

-   -   R¹ is:     -   —S(O)_(n)R⁶,     -   —S(O)_(n)NR⁷R⁸, or     -   —S(O)(NH)R⁶, R² and R³ are each independently selected from:         -   (A) —H; and         -   (B) C₁₋₃ alkyl; R⁴ is:         -   (A) C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or two groups             selected from:             -   a) C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl;             -   b) a 4, 5, or 6-membered heterocyclyl;             -   c) —OR⁹;             -   d) —CN;             -   e) -halo; and             -   f) —CF₃;         -   (B) C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one, two or             three groups selected from:             -   a) C₁₋₆ alkyl;             -   b) —OR₉;             -   c) —CN;             -   d) -halo; and             -   e) —CF₃;         -   (C) Phenyl; or         -   (D) a 5 or 6-membered heterocyclyl;         -   R⁵ is:         -   (A) phenyl optionally substituted with one or two groups             selected from:             -   a) C₁₋₆ alkyl;             -   b) C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl;             -   c) —OR⁹;             -   d) —CN;             -   e) —CF₃; and             -   f) -halo; or         -   (B) Pyridinyl or pyrimidinyl each optionally substituted             with one, two or three groups selected from:             -   a) C₁₋₆ alkyl;             -   b) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl;             -   c) —OR⁹;             -   d) —CN;             -   e) —CF₃;             -   f) -halo; and             -   g) —NR⁷R⁸; and         -   W is phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, piperidinyl or C₃₋₁₂             cycloalkyl, each optionally substituted with one or two             groups selected from:             -   a) C₁₋₆ alkyl;             -   b) C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl;             -   c) —OR⁹;             -   d) —CN;             -   e) —CF₃;             -   f) -halo;             -   g) —NR⁷R⁸             -   h) —C(O)OR⁹; and             -   i) —C(O)N(R⁹)₂;         -   R⁶ is:         -   (A) C₁₋₃ alkyl optionally substituted with one or two groups             selected from:             -   a) C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl;             -   b) —OR⁹ and             -   b) —CN; or         -   (B) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl;         -   R⁷, R⁸ and R⁹ are each independently:         -   (A) —H; or         -   (B) C₁₋₃ alkyl; and     -   n is 2.     -   (2) A compound of formula (I) as described above, or a         pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:         -   R is —S(O)_(n)R⁶ or —S(O)_(n)NR⁷R⁸; and         -   R² and R³ are H;         -   R⁴ is:             -   (A) C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or two                 groups selected from C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, —CF₃, and C₁₋₃                 alkoxy; or             -   (B) C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or                 two groups selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, —CN, and halo; or             -   (C) 5-membered heterocyclyl;         -   R⁵ is pyrimidinyl optionally substituted with one, two or             three groups selected from:             -   a) C₁₋₆ alkyl;             -   b) C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl;             -   c) —OR⁹;             -   d) —CF₃; and             -   e) —NR⁷R⁸;         -   W is phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl or piperidinyl;         -   R⁶ is C₁₋₃ alkyl;         -   R⁷, R⁸ R⁹ are each independently:         -   (A) —H; or         -   (B) C₁₋₃ alkyl; and         -   n is 2.     -   (3) A compound of formula (I) as described immediately above in         (2), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:         -   R⁵ is pyrimidinyl optionally substituted with one or two             groups selected from:             -   a) C₁₋₃ alkyl;             -   b) C₃₋₅ cycloalkyl; and             -   c) C₁₋₃ alkoxy; and         -   W is phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl or piperidinyl.

Specific compounds falling within the instant invention include the compounds in the following Table I, or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts:

TABLE 1 m/z m/z HPLC Example Structure RT (min) [M + H]⁺ [M − H]⁻ Method 1

1.09 563.7 A 2

0.98 547.4 A 3

1.05 561.4 A 4

1.08 565.5 A 5

1.08 563.4 A 6

1.05 549.3 A 7

1.14 575.4 A 8

1.01 551.4 A 9

1.03 537.2 A 10

1.04 563.4 A 11

0.91 521.4 A 12

1.07 565.4 A 13

1.11 573.4 A 14

1.01 520.3 A 15

1.02 547.4 A 16

1.15 575.4 A 17

1.01 551.4 A 18

1.07 563.4 A 19

1.12 561.3 A 20

0.99 535.2 A 21

0.97 535.4 A 22

1.09 565.3 563.3 A 23

1.14 547.4 A 24

1.07 565.4 A 25

1.14 575.4 A 26

1.03 536.2 A 27

1.03 549.2 547.1 A 28

2.06 559.4 557.4 B 29

0.97 577.4 A 30

0.91 565.4 A 31

1.03 549.2 547.0 A 32

1.89 547.4 545.4 B 33

1.09 565.3 563.3 A 34

0.90 567.4 A 35

1.05 537.2 A 36

0.93 585.3 583.3 A 37

1.85 549.4 547.4 B 38

2.06 544.4 542.4 B 39

0.91 565.4 A 40

0.94 589.4 A 41

0.90 567.4 A 42

2.08 559.4 557.4 B 43

1.81 534.4 532.4 B 44

0.86 579.4 A 45

1.67 518.4 516.4 B 46

1.89 530.4 528.4 B 47

0.85 545.1 543.2 A 48

0.99 555.3 A 49

0.94 521.1 A 50

0.82 560.3 558.4 A 51

0.85 544.7 543.1 A 52

1.01 548.8 A 53

1.01 549.9 A 54

0.94 532.8 A 55

0.97 577.4 A 56

1.96 532.1 530.1 B 57

2.17 546.1 544.1 B 58

1.03 563.1 A 59

1.01 591.1 589 A 60

0.95 575.2 573 A 61

1.02 591.2 589 A 62

0.96 575.1 573 A 63

2.13 548.0 546.0 B 64

1.97 546.8 545.1 B 65

1.01 550.0 A 66

1.02 548.9 A 67

1.02 548.9 A 68

1.04 563.0 A 69

0.98 547.3 A 70

0.98 548.0 A 71

1.04 564.0 A 72

1.05 560.8 A 73

1.05 573.0 A 74

1.05 563.0 A 75

0.98 546.7 A 76

1.11 568.8 A 77

0.97 547.7 A 78

1.04 563.8 A 79

0.99 547.7 A 80

1.05 563.7 A 81

0.94 533.8 A 82

1.07 545.8 A 83

1.07 545.9 A 84

0.97 535.2 A 85

1.04 549.2 A 86

1.05 523.2 A 87

1.11 561.2 A 88

0.94 509.2 A 89

1.04 523.2 A 90

0.89 575.2 A 91

0.89 575.2 A 92

0.98 549.0 A 93

1.03 584.0 A 94

0.89 521.5 A 95

0.95 537.3 A 96

0.89 521.5 A 97

0.95 537.5 A 98

0.83 522.5 A 99

0.89 521.5 A 100

0.93 535.5 A 101

0.98 589.4 A 102

0.95 537.5 A 103

2.18 553.3 B 104

1.67 507.0 B 105

1.80 553.5 B 106

1.99 569.5 B 107

0.94 537.5 A 108

0.87 588.1 A 109

0.91 588.0 A 110

0.88 603.1 A 111

0.81 572.5 A 112

0.81 572.5 A 113

1.05 617.5 A 114

2.28 567.5 B 115

1.02 546.5 A 116

0.92 550.5 A 117

1.12 563.4 A 118

0.98 549.5 A 119

0.78 561.3 A 120

0.83 577.3 A 121

2.27 551.5 B 122

0.89 538.4 A 123

0.99 549.0 A 124

1.03 563.2 A 125

0.99 549.2 A 126

0.93 550.2 A 127

0.96 547.5 A 128

0.91 533.4 A 129

0.56 537.1 A 130

0.96 526.8 A 131

1.01 542.7 A 132

0.90 532.9 A 133

1.16 509.1 A 134

0.94 547.9 A 135

0.99 546.9 A 136

0.92 533.0 A 137

0.98 531.9 A 138

1.04 552.9 A 139

0.96 534.7 A 140

1.77 524.0 B 141

0.89 527.1 A 142

1.26 536.1 B 143

1.01 535.9 A 144

0.97 520.0 A 145

1.04 557.1 A 146

2.18 509.0 B 147

1.02 546.9 A 148

0.99 540.5 A 149

0.90 522.9 A 150

0.96 522.0 A 151

0.90 522.9 A 152

2.57 580.9 B 153

1.07 564.9 A 154

0.98 550.9 A 155

0.90 537.9 A 156

1.00 536.1 A 157

0.95 546.9 A 158

0.98 539.3 A 159

1.05 564.8 A 160

0.84 531.0 A 161

0.96 575.3 A 162

0.89 561.2 A 163

1.01 550.7 A 164

0.97 547.0 A 165

1.03 563.8 A 166

0.93 504.0 A 167

0.93 574.0 A 168

0.87 559.7 A 169

1.09 599.8 A 170

1.10 565.1 A 171

0.97 531.1 A 172

0.91 524 A 173

1.90 520.9 B 174

0.96 574 A 175

0.87 561.9 A 176

0.86 563.9 A 177

1.00 573.0 A 178

0.91 523.0 A 179

0.96 535.1 A 180

1.90 560.8 B 181

2.16 577.1 B 182

1.11 577.2 A 183

0.95 536.0 A 184

1.01 552.2 A 185

1.08 550.1 A 186

1.08 561.9 A 187

2.28 592.1 B 188

2.08 576.0 B 189

0.95 519.9 A 190

1.02 536.0 A 191

1.00 533.2 A 192

1.09 545.2 A 193

1.06 546.4 A 194

0.99 547.4 A 195

0.89 521.0 A 196

0.95 537.0 A 197

0.95 535.4 A 198

1.00 551.4 A 199

1.04 561.4 A 200

1.09 498.3 A 201

1.05 561.1 A 202

1.01 539.3 A 203

0.95 532.4 A 204

0.89 497.4 A 205

1.01 549.0 A 206

1.01 565.3 A 207

1.20 565.3 A 208

1.07 564 A 209

1.07 575.8 A 210

0.91 545.0 A 211

0.98 539.0 A 212

1.05 543.8 A 213

1.03 547.9 A 214

0.91 533.9 A 215

1.10 561.8 A 216

1.22 511.9 A 217

1.49 562.4 B 218

2.40 562.4 B 219

1.04 563.4 A 220

1.97 573.5 B 221

1.13 589.5 A 222

0.88 591.4 A 223

1.01 549.4 A 224

1.08 561.4 A 225

0.90 521.1 A 226

0.96 537.2 A 227

0.88 577.3 A 228

0.95 593.4 A 229

0.91 562.2 A 230

0.96 578.1 A 231

1.41 550.2 B 232

2.14 545 B 233

1.76 576 B 234

0.85 536.4 A 235

0.80 522.2 A 236

0.88 538.3 A 237

0.90 533.4 A 238

0.88 536.4 A 239

0.96 550.4 A 240

0.98 550.5 A 241

0.94 535.4 A 242

0.88 519.4 A 243

0.89 534.5 A 244

0.70 535.3 A 245

0.65 536.3 A 246

0.91 535.5 A 247

0.84 519.4 A 248

2.44 575.5 B 249

2.25 559.5 B 250

0.99 532.5 A 251

1.74 588.5 B 252

0.93 535.5 A 253

0.99 551.5 A 254

0.90 522.3 A 255

0.97 538.3 A 256

2.13 553.4 B 257

1.42 550.5 B 258

1.92 521.5 B 259

0.95 537.5 A 260

0.69 550.3 A 261

0.64 536.2 A 262

0.86 579.3 A 263

0.86 579.3 A 264

0.89 607.3 A 265

0.89 521.5 A

Table I also provides physicochemical data (i.e., HPLC retention time and mass spec data) for all the prepared compounds. The HPLC methods are defined below in the Synthetic

EXAMPLES SECTION

The present invention further relates to a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of the formula (I) with inorganic or organic acids or bases.

In another aspect, the invention relates to compounds of formula (I)—or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof—as medicaments.

In another aspect, the invention relates to compounds of formula (I)—or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof—for use in a method for treatment of a patient.

In another aspect, the invention relates to compounds of formula (I)—or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof—for use in the treatment of autoimmune diseases and allergic disorders.

In another aspect, the invention relates to the use of compounds of formula (I)—or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof—for preparing a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and allergic disorders.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a method for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and allergic disorders comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I)—or one of the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof—to a patient.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition containing as active substance one or more compounds of formula (I)— or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof—optionally in combination with conventional excipients and/or carriers.

The compounds of formula (I) may be made using the general synthetic methods described below, which also constitute part of the invention.

General Synthetic Methods

The compounds according to the invention may be prepared by the methods of synthesis, synthetic examples, methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art and methods reported in the chemical literature. In the methods of synthesis and examples described hereinafter, the substituents R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, and W shall have the meanings defined hereinbefore in the detailed description of the compounds of formula I. These methods that are described here are intended as an illustration and for the enablement of the instant invention without restricting the scope of its subject matter, the claimed compounds, and the examples. Where the preparation of starting compounds is not described, they are commercially obtainable, may be prepared analogously to compounds or methods described herein, or are described in the chemical literature. Unless otherwise specified, solvents, temperatures, pressures, and other reaction conditions may be readily selected by one of ordinary skill in the art.

Amine intermediates of formula R¹—W—C(R²)(R³)—NH₂ are either commercially available, may be prepared according to the general procedures or references described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,879,873 and WO 2011/049917, or may be prepared by one skilled in the art using methods described in the chemical literature.

Compounds of formula (I) may be prepared from intermediate A′ according to Scheme I.

As illustrated in Scheme I, a suitable pyrimidine of formula A′, wherein G is NH₂, X is a suitable group for palladium-mediated cross coupling reactions (e.g., I, Br, Cl, or OSO₂CF₃), and Y is a suitable leaving group (e.g., Cl), may be reacted with a suitable amine or amine salt (e.g., hydrochloride salt) of formula R⁴NH₂ such as isopropyl amine in the presence of a suitable base (e.g., i-Pr₂EtN, or Et₃N) in a suitable solvent (e.g., n-butanol) and under a suitable reaction conditions such as an appropriate temperature (e.g., about 120° C.) to provide a compound of formula B′. Alternatively, the said pyrimidine of formula A′ wherein G is a suitable synthetic precursor for NH₂ (e.g., a nitro group) may be reacted with a suitable amine or amine salt (e.g., hydrochloride salt) of formula R⁴NH₂ such as 1-methyl cyclopropylamine in the presence of a suitable reagent and solvent (e.g., i-Pr₂EtN and THF, respectively), and under a suitable reaction conditions such as an appropriate temperature (e.g., about −78° C. to about 25° C.) to afford an intermediate, which may be converted to a compound of formula B′ upon further reaction with suitable reagents (e.g., a NO₂ group that may be reduced with a suitable reagent such as SnCl₂).

The selection of a suitable amine of formula R⁴NH₂ and pyrimidine of formula A′ for the aforementioned reaction by a person skilled in the art may be based on criteria such as steric and electronic nature of the amine and the pyrimidine. A diaminopyrimidine of formula B′ may be reacted with a suitable reagent such as chloro-oxo-acetic acid ethyl ester in a suitable solvent (e.g., acetone) and in the presence of a suitable base (e.g., K₂CO₃) to furnish a compound of formula C′. A dicarbonyl compound of formula C′ may be reacted with a suitable dehydrochlorinating reagent such as oxalyl chloride in the presence of a suitable additive (e.g., a catalytic amount of DMF) in a suitable solvent (e.g., CH₂Cl₂), and under a suitable reaction conditions such as an appropriate temperature (e.g., about ambient temperature) to provide a compound of formula D′. A chloro-pteridinone of formula D′ may be reacted with a suitable amine or amine salt of formula R¹—W—C(R²)(R³)—NH₂ such as 4-ethanesulfonyl benzyl amine in the presence of a suitable base (e.g., Et₃N) in a suitable solvent (e.g., THF) and under a suitable reaction conditions such as an appropriate temperature (e.g., about ambient temperature) to yields a compound of formula E′. A pyrimidine of formula E′ may be heated with a suitable cross-coupling partner (e.g., a boronic acid) and a suitable base (e.g., K₃PO₄), in a suitable solvent (e.g., 1,4-dioxane), in the presence of a suitable cross-coupling catalyst (e.g., Pd(dppf)Cl₂), under suitable reaction conditions such as a suitable atmosphere (e.g., argon) and at a suitable temperature (e.g., about 100° C.) to provide a compound of formula (I).

SYNTHETIC EXAMPLES

Non-limiting examples demonstrating the preparation of the compounds of the invention are provided below. Optimum reaction conditions and reaction times may vary depending on the particular reactants used. Unless otherwise specified, solvents, temperatures, pressures and other reaction conditions may be readily selected by one of ordinary skill in the art. Specific procedures are provided in the Synthetic Examples section. Intermediates and products may be purified by chromatography on silica gel, recrystallization and/or reverse phase HPLC (RHPLC). Discrete enantiomers may be obtained by resolution of racemic products using chiral HPLC. RHPLC purification methods used anywhere from 0-100% acetonitrile in water containing 0.1% formic acid or 0.1% TFA and used one of the following columns:

-   -   a) Waters Sunfire OBD C18 5 μM 30×150 mm column     -   b) Waters XBridge OBD C18 5 μM 30×150 mm column     -   c) Waters ODB C8 5 μM 19×150 mm column.     -   d) Waters Atlantis ODB C18 5 μM 19×50 mm column.     -   e) Waters Atlantis T3 OBD 5 μM 30×100 mm column     -   f) Phenomenex Gemini Axia C18 5 μM 30×100 mm column

HPLC Methods:

Analytical LC/MS Analysis Method A:

Column: Waters BEH 2.1×50 mm C18 1.7 um column

Gradient:

0.05% Formic 0.05% Formic Time(min) Acid in Water Acid in ACN Flow(mL/min) 0 90 10 0.8 1.19 0 100 0.8 1.77 0 100 0.8

Analytical LC/MS Analysis Method B:

Column: Waters BEH 2.1×50 mm C18 1.7 um column

Gradient:

0.05% Formic 0.05% Formic Time(min) Acid in Water Acid in ACN Flow(mL/min) 0 90 10 0.8 4.45 0 100 0.8 4.58 0 100 0.8

List of Abbreviations Used in Synthetic Examples

Ac Acetyl ACN Acetonitrile AcOH Acetic acid AIBN Azobisisobutyronitrile aq Aqueous Bu Butyl Boc₂O Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate dba Dibenzylideneacetone DCM Dichloromethane DMA N,N-dimethylacetamide DIEA N,N-diisopropylethylamine DME 1,2-Dimethoxyethane DMAP 4-Dimethylaminopyridine DMF N,N-Dimethylformamide dppe (Diphenylphosphine)ethane dppf 1.1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene ee Enantiomeric excess ES+ Electron spray positive ionization Et Ethyl EtOAc Ethyl acetate EtOH Ethanol Josiphos (S)-1-[(R_(p))- 2-(Dicyclohexylphosphino)ferroceyl]ethyl- di-t-butylphosphine h hour(s) HPLC High performance liquid chromatography i Iso LC Liquid chromatography Me Methyl MeOH Methanol min Minutes MPLC Medium Pressure Liquid Chromatography MS Mass spectrometry NBS N-Bromo-succinimide NCS N-Chloro-succinimide NMP N-Methylpyrrolidinone Oxone Potassium peroxymonosulfate Pd/C Palladium on carbon Ph Phenyl PPh3 Triphenylphosphine Pr Propyl RaNi Raney Nickel RT Retention time (HPLC) rt Ambient temperature SFC Supercritical Fluid Chromatography t Tertiary tert Tertiary Tf Triflate TBAF Tetrabutylammonium fluoride TEA Triethylamine TFA Trifluoroacetic acid THF Tetrahydrofuran Xanphos 4,5-Bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene

Method 1 Synthesis of Intermediate A

To a stirred suspension of A-1 (3.00 g, 18.18 mmol) in n-butanol (10 mL) is added A-2 (10.80 g, 18.18 mmol) followed by DIEA (6.46 mL, 36.58 mmol). The mixture is stirred for 17 h at 120° C. The reaction is cooled to rt and quenched by the addition of saturated aqueous NH₄Cl solution. The reaction is then diluted with EtOAc. The organic layer is separated and washed with water, followed by brine. The organic layer is dried (Na₂SO₄), decanted and concentrated. The resultant residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield A-3.

To a stirred suspension of A-3 (1.00 g, 5.00 mmol) in acetone (100 mL) is added ethyl chlorooxoacetate (0.88 g, 6.43 mmol) followed by K₂CO₃ (1.85 g, 13.39 mmol). The mixture is stirred at rt for 18 h and the solid precipitate is isolated to yield A-4.

To a stirred suspension of A-4 (1.14 g, 5.00 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (250 mL) is added oxalyl chloride (1 mL) followed by 5 drops of DMF. The mixture is stirred for 5 h at rt. The mixture is then concentrated at reduced pressure to yield A-5.

To a stirred suspension of A-5 (0.1 g, 0.39 mmol) in THF (4 mL) is added TEA (0.16 mL, 1.16 mmol) (or DIEA), followed by AG (91 mg, 0.38 mmol). The reaction is allowed to stir for 18 h at rt. The reaction is quenched by the addition of saturated aqueous NH₄Cl solution and the organics are extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer is washed with water and brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), decanted and concentrated under vacuum. The resultant residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield intermediate A. MS (ES+): m/z 423.0 [M+H]⁺.

Method 2 Synthesis of Intermediate B

To a stirred suspension of B-1 (1.80 g, 9.30 mmol) and B-2 (1.00 g, 9.30 mmol) in THF (10 mL) at −78° C. is added DIEA (3.29 mL, 18.59 mmol) and the reaction is allowed to slowly warm to 25° C. The volatiles are removed under reduced pressure and the crude is redissolved in EtOAc and washed with H₂O. The organic layer is separated and washed two more times with H₂O. The organic layer is washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), decanted and concentrated. The resultant residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield B-3.

To a solution of B-3 (1.78 g, 7.79 mmol) in EtOH (50 mL) is added SnCl₂ (1.48 g, 7.79 mmol) and heated to reflux for 4 h. The reaction is allowed to cool to rt then poured over ice. The solution is treated with 1N NaOH_((aq)) to bring the pH to ˜9 then filtered through a pad of diatomaceous earth. The organic phase is separated and washed with H₂O followed by brine. The organic layer is dried (Na₂SO₄), decanted and concentrated. The crude product is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield B-4.

As an alternative procedure for the reduction of nitropyrimidine to the corresponding amino pyrimidine the following general procedure has been utilized for analogous intermediates: To a solution of the nitropyrimidine in EtOH is added catalytic RaNi. The reaction vessel is evacuated and purged with N₂(g), then evacuated and filled with H₂(g). The reaction is maintained under H₂(g) atmosphere for 15 h. The vessel is evacuated and purged with N₂(g). The reaction is filtered through a pad of diatomaceous earth to remove the Ni catalyst and the filtrate is concentrated. The resultant residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to afford the corresponding aminopyrimidine.

To a stirred solution of B-4 (0.40 g, 2.01 mmol) in acetone (10 mL) is K₂CO₃ (0.70 g, 5.06 mmol) followed by ethyl chlorooxoacetate (0.27 mL, 2.43 mmol). The reaction is stirred at rt for 24 h. The reaction is then filtered, redissolved in H₂O and extracted with EtOAc. The aqueous phase is separated and extracted two more times with EtOAc. The organic layers are combined, dried (Na₂SO₄), decanted and concentrated to yield B-5.

To a solution of B-5 (0.70 g, 2.77 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL) is added oxalyl chloride (0.47 mL, 5.54 mmol) followed by 5 drops of DMF. The reaction is allowed to stir at rt for 18 h. The volatiles are removed in vacuo. The crude is redissolved in DCM and poured into H₂O. The organic layer is separated, washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), decanted and concentrated. The resultant residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield B-6.

To a stirred solution of the B-6 (0.83 g, 3.06 mmol) in THF (10 mL) is added DIEA (1.07 mL, 6.12 mmol) followed by AF (0.72 g, 3.06 mmol). The reaction is stirred at rt for 18 h. The volatiles are removed in vacuo, the crude residue is re-suspended in DCM and poured into H₂O. The aqueous phase is separated and extracted two more times with DCM. The organic layers are combined, washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), decanted and concentrated. The resultant residue is purified by SiO₂ flash to yield intermediate B. MS (ES+): m/z 434.1 [M+H]⁺.

The following intermediates are prepared in analogous fashion:

(Note: As described in Method 34, the oxalamic acid ethyl ester intermediates generated from the reactions of A-3 (Method 1) and B-4 (Method 2) with ethyl chlorooxoacetate may be isolated and heated at a suitable temperature (e.g., 130° C.) with a suitable base, such as TEA, in a suitable solvent, such as EtOH, to afford the corresponding intermediates A-3 and B-5, respectively.)

Synthetic m/z Intermediate Structure Method [M + H]⁺ C

1 420.1 D

1 451.2 E

2 449.3 F

1 437.2 G

1 437.2 H

1 451.2 I

1 451.2 J

1 422.5 K

2 451.1 L

2 451.1 M

1 453.2 N

1 453.2 O

1 465.2 P

2 435.2 Q

2 471.1 R

2 466.2 S

1 409.1 T

1 434.9 U

2 477.0 V

2 476.9 W

2 449.1 X

1 451.9 Y

1 449.9 Z

1 448.9 AA

1 449.0 BB

1 449.9 CC

1 455.0 DD

1 449.9 EE

1 435.9 FF

1 447.9 GG

1 457.1 HH

1 434.9 II

1 406.0 JJ

1 421.0 KK

1 451.2 LL

1 423.1 MM

1 421.0 NN

1 451.0 OO

1 447.9 PP

1 451.0 QQ

1 463.0 RR

1 423.3 SS

1 423.3 TT

1 424.3 UU

1 423.3 VV

1 437.3 WW

2 491.3 XX

1 455.3 YY

2 427.3 ZZ

1 455.4 AAA

1 423.3 BBB

1 474.1 CCC

1 474.1 DDD

2 489.1 EEE

2 503.3 FFF

1 469.3 GGG

1 448.1 HHH

1 436.3 III

1 449.3 JJJ

1 435.3 KKK

1 463.1 LLL

1 435.2 MMM

1 448.9 NNN

1 435.2 OOO

1 434.9 PPP

1 449.2 QQQ

1 448.2 RRR

1 429.0 SSS

1 450.0 TTT

1 441.2 UUU

1 436.9 VVV

1 422.0 WWW

1 432.9 XXX

1 449.0 YYY

1 407.8 ZZZ

1 408.8 AAAA

1 408.9 BBBB

1 475.0 CCCC

1 423.9 DDDD

1 436.9 EEEE

1 424.3 FFFF

2 461.9 GGGG

1 433.0 HHHH

1 461.0 IIII

1 448.9 JJJJ

1 405.0 KKKK

2 461.9 LLLL

1 409.2 MMMM

1 449.9 NNNN

2 475.9 OOOO

2 463.2 PPPP

1 463.2 QQQQ

1 438.1 RRRR

2 477.9 SSSS

1 422.1 TTTT

1 448.2 UUUU

1 449.2 VVVV

1 423.1 WWWW

1 463.2 XXXX

1 414.0 YYYY

1 463.2 ZZZZ

1 449.3 AAAAA

1 399.3 BBBBB

1 433.9 CCCCC

1 435.9 DDDDD

1 451.0 EEEEE

1 451.0 FFFFF

1 477.9 GGGGG

1 449.0 HHHHH

1 446.0 IIIII

1 450.0 JJJJJ

1 435.9 KKKKK

1 464.0 LLLLL

1 414.0 MMMMM

1 464.3 NNNNN

1 464.3 OOOOO

1 475.2 PPPPP

1 477.3 QQQQQ

1 437.2 RRRRR

1 423.2 SSSSS

1 479.3 TTTTT

1 464.1 UUUUU

1 447.3 VVVVV

1 422.2 WWWWW

1 424.1 XXXXX

1 422.2 YYYYY

1 436.3 ZZZZZ

1 421.2 AAAAAA

1 421.2 BBBBBB

1 461.3 CCCCCC

1 434.3 DDDDDD

1 437.3 EEEEEE

1 455.3 FFFFFF

1 423.3 GGGGGG

1 465.1 HHHHHH

1 493.2

Method 3 Synthesis of Intermediate AB

To a solution of AB-1 (300 mg, 1.29 mmol) in anhydrous MeOH (15 mL) is added NaOMe (208 mg, 3.86 mmol). The mixture is stirred at rt for 1 h. The solution is filtered and concentrated. The residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield intermediate AB. MS (ES+): m/z 230.8 [M+H]⁺.

Method 4 Synthesis of Intermediate AC

To a solution of AC-1 (320 mg, 2.07 mmol), 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriborinane (520 mg, 4.14 mmol), and aq Na₂CO₃ (2M, 3.1 mL, 6.21 mmol) in dioxane (10 mL) is added dichloropalladium 4-ditert-butylphosphanyl-N,N-dimethyl-aniline (73 mg, 0.10 mmol). The mixture is heated to 130° C. for 40 min in a microwave reactor. The mixture is diluted with MeOH (5 mL), filtered and concentrated. The residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield AC-2.

To a solution of AC-2 (363 mg, 2.71 mmol) in EtOH (10 mL) at −10° C. is added Br₂ (432 mg, 2.71 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred at rt for 18 h. The solution is concentrated and the residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield intermediate AC. MS (ES+): m/z 214.3 [M+H]⁺.

Method 5 Synthesis of Intermediate AD

A mixture of AD-1 (100.0 g, 0.70 mol), formamidine acetate (146 g, 1.4 mol) and NaOMe (266.0 g, 4.9 mol) in MeOH (2 L) is stirred at 16° C. for 2 days. The reaction mixture is neutralized to pH 7 with acetic acid and filtered. The filtrate is concentrated under reduced pressure and the crude product is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield AD-2.

To a stirred solution of AD-2 (66.0 g, 0.48 mol) and TEA (145.1 g, 1.44 mol) in DCM (1.5 L) at 0° C. is added, dropwise, a solution of Tf₂O (164.2 g, 0.58 mol) in DCM (500 mL) and stirred for 3 h. The reaction mixture is quenched by the addition of H₂O (200 mL) and extracted with DCM (3×500 mL). The combined organic phase is washed with saturated aq NaHCO₃, dried (Na₂SO₄), decanted and concentrated. The resultant residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield AD-3.

A mixture of AD-3 (17.0 g, 0.06 mol), vinylboronic acid pinacolester (29.3 g, 0.09 mol), K₂CO₃ (26.3 g, 0.19 mol), Ag₂O (1.7 g, 10% wt) and Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (1.7 g, 10% wt) in anhydrous THF (400 mL) is stirred at reflux under N₂ atmosphere for 18 h. The mixture is cooled to rt and filtered. The filtrate is concentrated under reduced pressure and the resultant residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield AD-4.

A mixture of AD-4 (27.3 g, 0.28 mol) and RaNi (30.0 g, 10% wt) in EtOH (500 mL) is stirred under an H₂ atmosphere for 16 h. The vessel is purged with N₂ and the contents filtered. The filtrate is concentrated under reduced pressure and the resultant AD-5 (19.6 g) is used directly.

To a stirred solution of AD-5 (19.6 g, 0.13 mol) in EtOH (300 mL) at −10° C. is added Br₂ (52.9 g, 0.33 mol). Following the addition, the mixture is stirred at rt for 30 min. The reaction mixture is quenched by the addition of 10% Na₂S₂O_(3 (aq)) solution and basified by the addition of 10% Na₂CO_(3 (aq)) solution to adjust to ˜pH 8. The mixture is extracted with EtOAc (3×200 mL). The organic layers are combined, dried (Na₂SO₄), decanted and concentrated. The resultant residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield intermediate AD. MS (ES+): m/z 228.9 [M+H]⁺.

Method 6 Synthesis of Intermediate AE

To a solution of AC-1 (2.50 g, 16.17 mmol), cyclopropylboronic acid (4.17 g, 48.51 mmol) and Na₂CO₃ (aq) (2M, 24.26 mL, 48.51 mmol) in dioxane (30 mL) is added bis(di-tert-butyl(4-dimethylaminophenyl)phosphine)dichloropalladium(II) (572.5 mg, 0.81 mmol). The vessel is sealed and heated to 130° C. for 2 h. The vessel is cooled to rt, diluted with MeOH and filtered. The filtrate is concentrated and purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield AE-1.

To a solution of AE-1 (660 mg, 4.12 mmol) in EtOH (15 mL) at −10° C. is added Br₂ (658 mg, 4.12 mmol). The reaction is stirred at rt for 3 h. NH₃ in MeOH solution (2N, 1 mL) is added to neutralize. The mixture is concentrated and purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield intermediate AE. MS (ES+): m/z 240.9 [M+H]⁺.

Method 7 Synthesis of Intermediate AF

A mixture of AF-1 (100 g, 561 mmol), EtI (131 g, 842 mmol) and TBAB (18 g, 56 mmol) in H₂O (200 mL), acetone (150 mL) and toluene (150 mL) is stirred in a sealed vessel at 80° C. for 18 h. The mixture is partitioned between H₂O and EtOAc. The organic layer is dried and concentrated. The residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield AF-2.

A mixture of AF-2 (200 g, 1.09 mol), NBS (425.02 g, 2.39 mol) and AIBN (17.82 g, 108.54 mmol) in CCl₄ (1.40 L) is refluxed for 18 h. The mixture is partitioned between H₂O and DCM. The organic layer is dried (Na₂SO₄), decanted and concentrated to yield AF-3.

To a solution of AF-3 (333 g, 974 mmol) and DIEA (129 g, 1 mol) in ACN (500 mL) at 0° C. is added AF-4 (138 g, 1 mol) in ACN (150 mL) dropwise. The mixture is stirred for 5 h then concentrated. The resultant residue is crystallized from MeOH to yield AF-5.

A solution of AF-5 (50 g, 190 mmol) in MeOH (200 mL) is added into a solution of NH₃ in MeOH (2N, 800 mL) at −78° C. The reaction mixture is stirred at rt for 18 h then concentrated. The resultant residue is crystallized from EtOAc to afford AF-6.

A solution of AF-6 (50 g, 250 mmol) in HCl in MeOH (1N, 250 mL) is stirred at rt for 12 h then concentrated to yield intermediate AF as the HCl salt. MS (ES+): m/z 200.4 [M+H]⁺.

Method 8 Synthesis of Intermediate AG

A mixture of AG-1 (8.0 g, 43.96 mmol), K₂CO₃ (7.88 g, 57.1 mmol) and sodium ethanethiolate (4.06 g, 48.3 mmol) in NMP (60.0 mL) under N₂ is stirred at rt for 18 h. The reaction mixture is poured into H₂O and filtered. The solids are washed with H₂O and dried under vacuum to yield AG-2.

To a suspension of AG-2 (6.0 g, 36.6 mmol) in AcOH (2.63 g, 43.8 mmol) is added a solution of KMnO₄ (5.78 g, 36.6 mmol) in H₂O (20.0 mL) dropwise. The reaction mixture is stirred at rt for 15 h. The mixture is diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer is dried (Na₂SO₄), decanted and concentrated. The resultant residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield AG-3.

A solution of AG-3 (3.3 g, 16.8 mmol) and Pd/C (500 mg, 10% on carbon catalyst) in MeOH (30 mL) is stirred at rt under H₂ (50 psi) for 8 h. The vessel is purged with N₂, filtered and the filtrate concentrated to yield AG-4.

To a stirred solution of AG-4 (2.5 g, 12.5 mmol) in EtOAc (30 mL) is added HCl in EtOAc (2N, 20.0 mL). The solution is stirred at rt for 5 h and then filtered to yield intermediate AG. MS (ES+): m/z 201.2 [M+H]⁺.

Method 9 Synthesis of Intermediate AH

A mixture of AH-1 (113 g, 0.62 mol), K₂CO₃ (171 g, 1.24 mol) and sodium ethanethiolate (67 g, 0.80 mol) in DMF (2 L) is stirred at rt under N₂ for 18 h. The mixture is diluted with H₂O and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers are dried (Na₂SO₄), decanted and concentrated. The resultant residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield AH-2.

A solution of AH-2 (20.0 g, 0.12 mol), RaNi (40 g), Boc₂O (31.7 g, 0.14 mol) and TEA (24.5 g, 0.24 mol) in THF (600 mL) is stirred at rt under H₂ (50 psi) for 12 h. The mixture is filtered and the filtrate concentrated under reduced pressure. The resultant residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield AH-3.

To a suspension of AH-3 (65 g, 0.24 mol) in AcOH (200 mL) at −10° C. is added dropwise a solution of KMnO₄ (45.8 g, 0.29 mL) in water (500 mL). Following complete addition, the reaction mixture is stirred at rt for 30 min. The mixture is diluted with H₂O and basified by addition of aqueous Na₂CO₃ to ˜pH 8 and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are dried (Na₂SO₄), decanted, and concentrated. The resultant residue is purified by crystallization to yield AH-4.

To a stirred solution of compound AH-4 (46.5 g, 0.15 mol) in MeOH (300 mL) is added 4M HCl in MeOH (300 mL) at rt and stirred for 15 h. The mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure. The resultant residue is purified by crystallization to yield intermediate AH. MS (ES+): m/z 202.1 [M+H]⁺.

Method 10 Synthesis of Intermediate AI

A suspension of AC (2 g, 9.4 mmol), AI-1 (4.8 g, 18.8 mmol), KOAc (2.8 g, 28.2 mmol), and Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (1.15 g, 0.15 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (40 mL) is stirred at 100° C. for 18 h. After cooling to rt, the mixture is diluted with water (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×50 mL). The combined organic phase is dried (Na₂SO₄), decanted and concentrated. The resultant residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield AI. MS (ES+): m/z 262.2 [M+H]⁺.

Method 11 Synthesis of Intermediate AJ

To a solution of QQ (509 mg, 1.1 mmol) in MeOH (4 mL) is added HCl in dioxane (4N, 1.1 mL, 4.4 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred at rt for 18 h. The mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure. The resultant residue is triturated with diethyl ether and filtered to yield intermediate AJ-1.

To a solution of AJ-1 (200 mg, 0.55 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) is added TEA (0.77 mL, 5.51 mmol), followed by AJ-2 (175 mg, 1.10 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred at rt for 1 h, then diluted with water (5 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL). The organic layer is dried (Na₂SO₄), decanted and concentrated. The resultant residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield intermediate AJ. MS (ES+): m/z 485.0 [M+H]⁺.

Method 12 Synthesis of Intermediate AK

To a solution of AK-1 (2.00 g, 13.1 mmol) in THF (25 mL) is added Boc₂O (3.45 mL, 15.0 mmol) and TEA (3.64 mL, 26.1 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred at rt for 18 h and then diluted with H₂O and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers are concentrated to yield AK-2.

To solution of AK-2 (3.3 g, 13.1 mmol) in AcOH (10 mL) is slowly added H₂O₂ (1.37 mL, 13.7 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred at rt for 3 h and is then quenched with saturated Na₂SO_(3 (aq)) and neutralized with 1N NaOH_((aq)). The mixture is extracted with EtOAc and concentrated to yield AK-3.

A mixture of AK-3 (1.0 g, 3.7 mmol), MgO (600 mg, 14.9 mmol), trifluoroacetamide (839 mg, 7.4 mmol), and Rh(II) acetate dimer (115 mg, 0.26 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) is added (diacetoxyiodo)benzene (1.79 g, 5.6 mmol). The mixture is stirred at rt for 18 h and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The resultant residue is dissolved in MeOH, filtered through a pad of diatomaceous earth and to it, K₂CO₃ (2.55 g, 18.6 mmol) is added. The mixture is stirred at rt for 18 h and is concentrated under reduced pressure. The resultant residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield AK-4.

To a stirred solution of compound AK-4 (585 mg, 2.1 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) is added HCl in dioxane (4N, 2 mL). The reaction mixture is stirred at rt for 15 h and then concentrated under reduced pressure to yield intermediate AK. MS (ES+): m/z 185.0 [M+H]⁺.

Method 13 Synthesis of Intermediate AL

To a solution of AL-1 (500 mg, 2.18 mmol) in ACN (12 mL) is added DIEA (0.46 mL, 2.61 mmol), Boc₂O (1.02 g, 4.68 mmol), followed by DMAP (13.3 mg, 0.11 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred at rt for 2.5 h. The reaction mixture is concentrated and the residue is diluted with EtOAc and washed with H₂O then brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield AL-2.

A mixture of AL-2 (250 mg, 0.85 mmol), Pd₂(dba)₃ (39 mg, 0.043 mmol) Xanphos (41 mg, 0.071 mmol), Josiphos (13 mg, 0.024 mmol) and TEA (0.83 mL, 0.97 mmol) in toluene (17 mL) is degassed and heated to 115° C. for 1 h. The reaction mixture is then cooled to rt and ethanethiol (0.076 mL, 1.02 mmol) is added. The reaction mixture is heated to 115° C. for 3 h. The reaction mixture is concentrated and the residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield AL-3.

To a solution of AL-3 (200 mg, 0.71 mmol) in acetone (14 mL) is added a solution of oxone (961 mg, 1.56 mmol) in water (7 mL). The reaction mixture is stirred at rt of or 18 h. The mixture is concentrated then diluted with H₂O and extracted with DCM twice. The organics are combined and washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated to yield AL-4.

To a solution of AL-4 (206 mg, 0.67 mmol) in DCM (4 mL) is added HCl in dioxane (4N, 1.68 mL, 6.73 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred at rt for 2 h. The reaction mixture is concentrated to yield AL as the HCl salt. MS (ES+): m/z 207.1 [M+H]⁺.

Method 14 Synthesis of Intermediate AM

To a solution of AM-1 (1 g, 7.80 mmol) in THF (40 mL) at 0° C. is added DIEA (4.08 mL, 23.40 mmol) followed by dropwise addition of benzylchloroformate (1.52 mL, 10.14 mmol). The reaction mixture is warmed to rt and stirred overnight. The reaction mixture is then concentrated, diluted with water and then extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer is then washed with sat. aq NaHCO₃ (2×), H₂O (2×), and brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield AM-2.

To a solution of AM-2 (1 g, 3.81 mmol) in THF (20 mL) at 0° C. is added dropwise Br₂ (0.30 mL, 5.91 mmol). The reaction mixture is warmed to rt and stirred overnight. The reaction mixture is diluted with water then extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer is then washed with sat. aq NaHCO₃ (2×), water (2×) and brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield AM-3.

AM-4 is synthesized in a fashion analogous to intermediate AL-3.

AM-5 is synthesized in a fashion analogous to intermediate AL-4.

To a solution of AM-5 (146 mg, 0.41 mmol) in EtOH (10 mL) is added 10% Pd/C (150 mg) and the mixture is stirred at rt under an H₂ atmosphere for 18 h. The reaction mixture is filtered through celite and washed with EtOAc. The filtrate is concentrated then HBr in acetic acid (1.5 mL, 33 wt %) is added. The mixture is stirred at rt for 2.5 h then filtered to yield AM as the HCl salt. MS (ES+): m/z 221.1 [M+H]⁺.

Method 15 Synthesis of Intermediate AN

To a solution of AN-1 (6 g, 3.99 mmol) in EtOH (60 mL) is added N₂H₄ hydrate (31.1 ml). The mixture is heated to reflux for 45 min. The mixture is cooled to rt and then concentrated. The residue is dissolved in diethylene glycol (20 mL) and KOH (6.72 g, 120 mmol) is added. The mixture is stirred at 120° C. for 18 h. The mixture is cooled to rt, diluted with EtOAc and the pH is adjusted with 1N HCl to pH<4. The organic layers are washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield AN-2.

To a solution of AN-2 (1.3 g, 9.54 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) is added dropwise Br₂ (1.53 g, 9.57 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture is stirred at rt for 12 h. The mixture is quenched with aq NaHSO₃ and extracted with DCM twice. The organic layers are combined and washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield AN-3.

AN-4 is synthesized in a fashion analogous to intermediate AH-4.

To a solution of AN-4 (800 mg, 3.24 mmol) in NMP (10 mL) is added CuI (920 mg, 4.83 mmol) and CuCN (397 mg, 4.43 mmol). The microwave reaction is heated at 200° C. for 3 h. The mixture is poured into H₂O, extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer is washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The residue is purified by recrystallization to yield AN-5.

AN-6 is synthesized in a fashion analogous to intermediate AH-3.

AN is synthesized in a fashion analogous to intermediate AH. MS (ES+): m/z 198.0 [M+H]⁺.

Method 16 Synthesis of Intermediate AO

To a solution of sodium 1-propanethiolate (12.8 g, 130 mmol) in ACN (150 mL) kept below 20° C. is added portion-wise AG-1 (19.8 g, 108 mmol). The mixture is then stirred at rt for 16 h, poured into water (300 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (300 mL). The combined organic phase is dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. The residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield AO-1.

To a stirred solution of AO-1 (16.5 g, 83.0 mmol) in AcOH (150 mL) kept below 10° C. is added a solution of KMnO₄ (14.5 g, 92.0 mmol) in H₂O (150 mL) dropwise. The reaction mixture is stirred for 30 min. The mixture is diluted with water, basified by addition of saturated aq Na₂CO₃ and extracted with EtOAc. The solution is concentrated and the residue is purified by SFC to yield AO-2.

A mixture of AO-2 (7.80 g, 37.0 mmol) and Ra Ni (8.00 g) in MeOH (100 mL) is stirred at rt under H₂ for 18 h. After filtration and concentration the residue is purified by MPLC to yield AO-3.

To solid AO-3 (7.40 g, 35.0 mmol) is added acetic acid ethyl ester (2 mL) and HCl in EtOAc (100 mL). The solution is stirred at rt for 5 h and the solids are filtered to yield intermediate AO.

Method 17 Synthesis of Intermediate AP

A mixture of AP-1 (12.8 g, 130 mmol), sodium cyclopropanesulfonate (53.1 g, 369 mmol) and CuI (23.3 g, 123 mmol) in DMSO (150 mL) is stirred at 110° C. for 2 h. After cooling to rt, the solution is poured into water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phase is dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The resulting residue is purified by MPLC to yield AP-2.

A mixture of AP-2 (10.3 g, 49 mmol), Ra Ni (25.0 g), Boc₂O (16.2 g, 74 mmol) and TEA (10.0 g, 99 mmol) in MeOH (250 mL) is stirred under a H₂ atmosphere at rt for 18 h. After filtration and concentration the residue is purified by MPLC to AP-3.

To a solution of AP-3 (6.90 g, 22 mmol) in MeOH (60 mL) is added HCl in EtOH (60 mL). The solution is stirred at rt for 3 h and is concentrated and recrystallized to yield intermediate AP.

Method 18 Synthesis of Intermediate AQ

To a solution of AG-1 (82.0 g, 448 mmol) in ACN (1.0 L) is added sodium t-butoxide (64.5 g). The mixture is cooled to 0° C. and sodium methanethiolate (172.5 g, 20% in H₂O) is added dropwise. The reaction mixture is then allowed to stir at rt for 16 h. Water (800 mL) is added and the mixture is extracted with DCM. The combined organic phases are washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated. The residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield AQ-1.

To a suspension of AQ-1 (51.5 g, 343 mmol) in AcOH (500 mL) is added a solution of KMnO₄ (59.7 g, 36.6 mmol) in H₂O (500.0 mL) dropwise at 5° C. The reaction mixture is then stirred at rt for 1 h. The mixture is extracted with EtOAc, washed with aq. NaHCO₃, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated. The resultant residue is purified by recrystallization to yield AQ-2.

To a solution of AQ-2 (15.0 g, 82 mmol) in MeOH (200 mL) is added Ra Ni (10.0 g), TEA (34.4 mL) and Boc₂O (17.8 g). The mixture is stirred at rt under H₂ (50 psi) for 12 h. The vessel is purged with N₂, filtered and the filtrate concentrated. The residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield AQ-3.

A solution of AQ-3 (30.0 g, 105 mmol) in HCl in MeOH (500 mL) is stirred at rt for 12 h. The mixture is concentrated and recrystallized to yield intermediate AQ. MS (ES+): m/z 187 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate AR and Intermediate AS (as the HCl salt. MS (ES+): m/z 202.1 [M+H]⁺) is synthesized in a fashion analogous to intermediate AQ.

Method 19 Synthesis of Intermediate AT

To a mixture of AT-1 (10.0 g, 55 mmol), N,N-dimethyl-ethane-1,2-diamine (0.96 g, 11 mmol) and Copper(II) trifluoromethanesulfonate (1.98, 5 mmol) in DMSO (100 mL) is added AT-2 (8.27 g, 98 mmol) at rt. The mixture is then heated to 120° C. for 30 min, quenched with H₂O and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer is dried, concentrated and purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield AT-3.

A mixture of AT-3 (32.3 g, 165 mmol) and Pd (3.50 g, 33 mmol) in NH₄OH (30 mL)/EtOH (200 mL) is stirred at rt under H₂ (15 psi) for 15 h. The mixture is filtered, concentrated and purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield AT-4.

To a stirred solution of AT-4 (17.5 g, 87 mmol) in EtOH (100 mL) is added HCl in EtOH (100 mL). The solution is stirred at rt for 3 h and then concentrated and recrystallized to yield intermediate AT. MS (ES+): m/z 201 [M+H]⁺.

Method 20 Synthesis of Intermediate AU

To a solution of AU-1 (7.15 g, 26.5 mmol) in THF (50 mL) is added Boc₂O (6.70 mL, 29.2 mmol) and TEA (7.40 mL, 53.1 mmol). The reaction is allowed to stir at rt for 72 h. The solution is concentrated to yield AU-2.

A mixture of AU-2 (5.25 g, 15.8 mmol), sodium t-butoxide (1.82 g, 18.9 mmol), Pd(OAc)₂ (177 mg, 0.79 mmol), and 1,1′-Bis(diisopropylphosphino)ferrocene (396 mg, 0.95 mmol) are added to a sealed vessel which is purged with argon. Dioxane (35 mL) is added and the mixture is stirred at rt for 1 h. Triisopropylsilanethiol (3.72 mL, 17.3 mmol) is added and the solution is heated to 100° C. for 1 h. The reaction is then poured into EtOAc and water. The organic layer is concentrated and the residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield AU-3.

A solution of AU-3 (2.50 g, 6.32 mmol) in THF (25 mL) is cooled to 0° C. and degassed with argon. Terabutylammoniumbromide (2.12 g, 7.58 mmol) is then added and the solution is stirred at 0° C. for 1 h. Bromoacetonitrile (660 uL, 9.48 mmol) is then added and the solution is stirred at 0° C. for 5 min. The solution is concentrated and partitioned between diethyl ether and water. The organic layer is concentrated to yield AU-4 which is carried forward without further manipulation.

To a solution of AU-4 (1.80 g, 6.47 mmol) in ACN/H₂O (10 mL) is added sodium periodate (4.18 g, 19.5 mmol) followed by ruthenium(III) chloride (7.87 mg, 0.038 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred at rt for 30 min and is then concentrated. The residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield AU-5.

To a stirred solution of AU-5 (470 mg, 1.51 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) is added HCl in dioxane (2.00 mL, 8.00 mmol). The solution is stirred at rt for 1 h and concentrated to yield intermediate AU. MS (ES+): m/z 211.1 [M+H]⁺.

Method 21 Synthesis of Intermediate AV

AV-1 (20.0 g, 168 mmol) is added to conc. HCl (200 mL) at 0° C. followed by dropwise addition of aq NaNO₂ (25.5 g in 25 mL H2O) maintaining an internal temperature of <5° C. The solution is allowed to stir at 0° C. for 15 min and then is slowly added to a mixture of SO₂ (108 g) and CuCl (84 mg) in AcOH (200 mL, >5 eq) at 5° C. The solution is stirred 90 min at 5° C. The reaction mixture is extracted with DCM (2×500 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), and the organic solution of AV-2 used directly in the next step.

To a solution of AV-2 (20.0 g, 99 mmol) in DCM (200 mL) is added a solution of ammonia in MeOH (100 mL) at 0 C and stirred at rt for 30 min. The mixture is concentrated to dryness and the resultant residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield AV-3.

To a solution of AV-3 (15.0 g, 82 mmol) in MeOH (200 mL) is added Ra Ni (10.0 g), TEA (34.4 mL) and Boc₂O (17.8 g). The mixture is stirred at rt under H₂ (50 psi) for 12 h. The vessel is purged with N₂, filtered and the filtrate concentrated. The residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield AV-4.

A solution of AV-4 (30.0 g, 105 mmol) in HCl in MeOH (500 mL) is stirred at rt for 12 h. The mixture is concentrated and recrystallized to yield intermediate AV. MS (ES+): m/z 188.1 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate AW is synthesized in a fashion analogous to Intermediate AV.

Method 22 Synthesis of Intermediates (S)-AX and (R)-AX

To a solution of AG-3 (2.40 g, 12 mmol) in THF (30 mL) is added dropwise MeMgBr (30 mL) at −30° C. After the addition, the mixture is stirred at rt for 4 h. The reaction mixture is quenched by addition of sat. aq NH₄Cl (100 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×100 mL). The organic phase is washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield AX-1.

To a solution of AX-1 (200 mg, 1.0 mmol) in MeOH (2 mL) is added NH₄OAc (723 mg) and NaBH₃CN (41 mg) at 0° C. The mixture is stirred at rt for 16 h. The solvent is removed under reduced pressure, water (50 mL) is added and the mixture is adjusted to pH>12 and then extracted with DCM (50 mL). The organic phase is dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The residue is purified by prep-TLC to yield AX-2.

AX-2 is separated by SFC to give (S)-AX (67.9% ee) and (R)-AX (95.5% ee).

Method 23 Synthesis of Intermediates AY

To a solution of AY-1 (1.25 g, 5.49 mmol) in anhydrous MeOH (15 mL) is added NaOMe (2.37 g, 43.89 mmol). The mixture is stirred at rt for 1 h. The solution is filtered and concentrated. The residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield intermediate AY. MS (ES+): m/z 218.9 [M+H]⁺.

Method 24 Synthesis of Intermediates AZ

To a solution of sodium hydride (342 mg, (60%), 8.57 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) is added anhydrous isopropanol (360 uL, 4.71 mmol). The mixture is stirred at rt for 1 h. AB-1 (1.00 g, 4.28 mmol) is then added and the mixture is stirred for an additional 1 h before being poured onto ice. The mixture is then extracted with EtOAc and concentrated. The residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield intermediate AZ. MS (ES+): m/z 258.8 [M+H]⁺.

Method 25 Synthesis of Intermediates BA

A solution of BA-1 (1.00 g, 7.78 mmol), and Ni(dppe)Cl₂ (82 mg, 0.16 mmol) in anhydrous Et₂O (5 mL) is cooled to −10° C. Then, n-propyl magnesium bromide is added dropwise and the mixture is stirred for 2 h at −10° C. The mixture is quenched with saturated NH₄Cl, extracted with DCM and concentrated. The crude BA-2 is carried forward without further manipulation.

To a solution of BA-2 (1.0 g, 7.34 mmol) in EtOH (10 mL) at 0° C. is added Br₂ (379 uL, 7.34 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred at rt for 2 h. The solution is concentrated and the residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield intermediate BA. MS (ES+): m/z 217.4 [M+H]⁺.

Method 26 Synthesis of Intermediates BC

A solution of BA-1 (1.00 g, 7.78 mmol), and Ni(dppe)Cl₂ (82 mg, 0.16 mmol) in anhydrous Et₂O (5 mL) is cooled to −10° C. A solution of isopropyl magnesium bromide (3.22 mL, 9.33 mmol) is added dropwise and the mixture is stirred for 1 h at −10° C. The mixture is quenched with sat. NH₄Cl, extracted with DCM and concentrated. The crude BC-1 is carried on as is.

To a solution of BC-1 (1.0 g, 7.34 mmol) in EtOH (10 mL) at 0° C. is added Br₂ (378 uL, 7.34 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred at rt for 2 h. The solution is concentrated and the residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield intermediate BC. MS (ES+): m/z 216.4 [M+H]⁺.

Method 27 Synthesis of Intermediates BD

A solution of BA-1 (1.00 g, 7.78 mmol), and Ni(dppe)Cl₂ (82 mg, 0.16 mmol) in anhydrous Et₂O (5 mL) is cooled to −10° C. A solution of cyclopropyl magnesium bromide (1.36 g, 8.56 mmol) is added dropwise and the mixture is stirred for 2 h at −10° C. The mixture is quenched with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl, extracted with DCM and concentrated. The crude BD-1 is carried forward without further manipulation.

To a solution of BD-1 (1.0 g, 6.74 mmol) in EtOH (10 mL) at 0° C. is added Br₂ (347 uL, 6.74 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred at rt for 18 h. The solution is concentrated and the residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield intermediate BD. MS (ES+): m/z 229.2 [M+H]⁺.

Method 28 Synthesis of Intermediate BE

To a solution of BE-1 (40.0 g, 244 mmol) in THF (800 mL) is added PPh₃ (98.0 g) and NCS (160.0 g). The reaction mixture is stirred at 80° C. for 10 h. The mixture is then quenched with water and extracted with EtOAc. The solution is concentrated and the residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield BE-2.

To a stirred solution of BE-2 (3.00 g, 14.79 mmol) in toluene and DMF is added Pd(PPh₃)₄ (600 mg), Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (600 mg) and Na₂CO₃ (6.27 g, 59.17 mmol). The mixture is stirred at 90° C. for 5 h. The mixture is quenched with water, extracted with EtOAc. The solution is concentrated and the residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield BE-3.

To a solution of BE-3 (860 mg, 5.0 mmol) in EtOH (5 mL) at −10° C. is added Br₂ (347 uL, 6.74 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred at rt for 18 h. The solution is concentrated and the residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield intermediate BE. MS (ES+): m/z 267 [M+H]⁺.

Method 29 Synthesis of Intermediate BF

To a solution of AB (6.00 g, 26.2 mmol) and BF-1 (7.86 mL, 34.1 mmol) in toluene (60 mL) and THF (18 mL) at −78° C. is added n-butyl lithium (12.6 mL, 31.4 mmol), dropwise, over 30 min. The solution is the stirred at −78° C. for 30 min and is then slowly warmed to −20° C. The solution is the quenched with 1 N HCl (40 mL). The layers are then separated and the aqueous layer is adjusted to pH ˜8 with 2M NaOH. A white solid begins to precipitate and the mixture is cooled in the refrigerator for 1 h. The solids are filtered to yield intermediate BF. The aqueous layer is extracted with MeTHF and concentrated to give additional intermediate BF. MS (ES+): m/z 195.1 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate BG is synthesized in a fashion analogous to Intermediate BF.

Method 30 Synthesis of Intermediate BH

To a mixture of 2-methyl-propionaldehyde (5 g, 69.34 mmol) and NH₄Cl (7.42 g, 138.69 mmol) in water (50 mL) is added NaCN (4.08 g, 83.2 mmol). The mixture is stirred at rt for 18 h. The mixture is extracted with EtOAc (3×). The organics are combined, dried over Na₂SO₄, concentrated to give crude intermediate BH, which is carried forward without further manipulation.

Method 31 Synthesis of Intermediate BI

To a mixture of BI-1 (20 mL, 104 mmol) and 2,2-dimethyl oxirane (15 mL, 17 mmol) is added LiBr (1.86 g, 21.4 mmol) in one portion. The reaction mixture is stirred at rt for 16 h. Additional 2,2-dimethyl oxirane (2.0 mL, 23 mmol) is added and the mixture is heated at 60° C. for 2 h. The reaction mixture is quenched with water then extracted with EtOAc twice. The organics are combined and washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated to yield BI-2.

To a solution of BI-2 (2.0 g, 7.4 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) at −21° C. is added Deoxo-Fluor (1.51 mL, 8.17 mmol). After the addition, the reaction mixture is stirred at −21° C. for 5 mins then quenched with sat. aq NaHCO₃ until pH ˜8. The layers are separated and the aq layer is extracted with DCM. The combined organics are washed with sat. aq NaHCO₃, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated to yield BI-3.

To a solution of BI-3 (1.5 g, 5.5 mmol) in toluene (30 mL) is added dropwise HCl in dioxane (4N, 1.45 mL, 5.80 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred at rt for 2 h then filtered to yield BI-4.

A mixture of BI-4 (500 mg, 1.62 mmol), 5% Pd/C (103 mg) and MeOH (3 mL) is hydrogenated on Endeavor (60° C., 400 psi) for 5 h. The reaction mixture is filtered through celite and rinsed with MeOH. The filtrate is concentrated to yield intermediate BI as the HCl salt. MS (ES+): m/z 92.3 [M+H]⁺.

Method 32 Synthesis of Intermediate BJ

To a solution of BJ-1 (7.40 mL, 99.0 mmol) in DCM (100 mL) is added (R)-2-methyl-2-propanesulfinamide (10.0 g, 82.5 mmol), MgSO₄ (49.66 g, 412 mmol) and pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (1.04 g, 4.13 mmol). The reaction mixture is allowed to stir at rt for 72 h. The reaction mixture is then filtered and the residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield BJ-2.

To a solution of BJ-2 (9.72 g, 56.1 mmol) in THF (200 mL) is added tetramethylammonium fluoride (6.27 g, 67.3 mmol). The solution is degassed with argon and is then cooled to −55° C. A solution of trifluoromethyltrimethylsilane (12.4 mL, 84.1 mmol) in THF (250 mL) is added dropwise with an additional funnel and the reaction is allowed to stir at −55° C. for 2 h. The reaction mixture is then slowly allowed to warm to −10° C. and is quenched with sat. aqueous NH₄Cl. The aqueous layer is extracted with EtOAc and the combined organic layers are concentrated to yield BJ-3, which is carried forward without further manipulation.

To a solution of BJ-3 (9.00 g, 37.0 mmol) in MeOH (30 mL) is added 4M HCl in dioxane (18.5 mL, 74.0 mmol). The solution is allowed to stir at rt for 1 h. The reaction mixture is then concentrated to half volume and diluted with diethyl ether until a white precipitate is formed. The solid is then filtered to yield intermediate BJ.

Method 33 Synthesis of Intermediate BK

To a solution of BK-1 (9.47 g, 113 mmol) in DCM (100 mL) is added (R)-2-methyl-2-propanesulfinamide (10.5 g, 86.6 mmol), MgSO₄ (52.1 g, 433 mmol) and pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (1.09 g, 4.33 mmol). The reaction mixture is allowed to stir at rt for 18 h. The reaction mixture is then filtered and the residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield BK-2.

To a solution of BK-2 (8.60 g, 45.9 mmol) in DCM (350 mL) at −50° C., is added methylmagnesium bromide (36.0 mL, 108 mmol). The solution is stirred at −50° C. for 3 h. The reaction is then allowed to warm to rt and stirred for 18 h. The solution is quenched with sat. aqueous NH₄Cl and extracted with EtOAc (2×). The organic layer is concentrated to yield BK-3, which is carried forward without further manipulation.

To a solution of BK-3 (5.00 g, 24.6 mmol) in MeOH (20 mL) is added 4M HCl in dioxane (12.3 mL, 49.2 mmol). The solution is allowed to stir at rt for 1 h. The reaction mixture is then concentrated and the residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield intermediate BK.

Intermediate BL is synthesized in a fashion analogous to Intermediate BK

Intermediates BM, BN, BO, BP, BQ, BR, BS are synthesized in a fashion analogous to Intermediate AJ

Method 34 Synthesis of Intermediates BT

To a stirring suspension of 2,4-Dichloro-pyrimidin-5-ylamine (3.03 g, 18.1 mmol) in n-BuOH (40 mL) is added (1S,2S)-2-Amino-cyclopentanol hydrochloride (2.50 g, 17.2 mmol) and DIEA (9.20 ml, 51.8 mmol). The mixture is stirred at 130° C. for 4 h. The reaction mixture is then concentrated under reduced pressure and the crude product is triturated to a solid in EtOAc and heptane and filtered to yield BT-1.

To a stirred solution of BT-1 (3.61 g, 15.5 mol) in acetone (200 mL) is added K₂CO₃ (5.34 g, 38.6 mmol) and chloro-oxo-acetic acid ethyl ester (1.94 mL, 17.0 mmol). The mixture is stirred at rt for 1 h. The reaction mixture is filtered and the filtrate is concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude ketoester is dissolved in absolute EtOH (50 mL), placed in a pressure flask, and TEA (5.43 mL, 38.6 mmol) is added. This is heated to 130° C. for 1 h. The reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure and dissolved in EtOAc (100 mL). The organic layer is washed with water (2×20 mL) then brine (20 mL) and dried (Na₂SO₄), decanted and concentrated. The resultant residue is triturated to a solid in EtOAc and heptane to yield BT-2.

To a mixture of BT-2 (500 mg, 1.73 mmol) in DCM (100 mL) is added Dess-Martin periodinane (2.25 g, 5.20 mmol) and the mixture is stirred at rt for 96 h. The mixture is washed with sat. NaHCO₃ (50 mL) and the organic layer dried (Na₂SO4) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The solid residue is twice suspended in DCM (50 mL), sonicated, and filtered. The resulting solid is re-suspended in EtOAc (20 mL) and sonicated. The solid product is filtered to yield BT-3.

To a mixture of BT-3 (124 mg, 0.442 mmol) in DCM (6 mL) at rt is added oxalyl chloride (0.076 mL, 0.88 mmol) followed dropwise by dry DMF (0.30 mL, 3.9 mmol) until dissolution of the solid. The mixture is stirred at rt for 30 min, whereupon LCMS indicates unreacted starting material. To the mixture is added more oxalyl chloride (0.048 mL, 0.55 mmol) and the mixture stirred an additional 10 min. The reaction is concentrated under a stream of nitrogen at 35° C. for 1 h and the resultant residue BT-4 is used directly.

To a stirred solution of BT-4 (132 mg, 0.442 mmol) and AG (105 mg, 0.442 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) at rt is added TEA (0.311 mL, 2.21 mmol) and the mixture is stirred at rt for 15 min. To the reaction mixture is added water (50 mL) and this is extracted with EtOAc (3×50 mL). The organic layers are combined, dried (Na₂SO₄), decanted and concentrated. The resultant residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield intermediate BT. MS (ES+): m/z 463.1 [M+H]⁺.

Method 35 Synthesis of Example 9

Intermediate AB (27 mg, 0.12 mmol), bis(pinacolato)diboron (30 mg, 0.12 mmol), potassium acetate (35 mg, 0.36 mmol) and [1,1′-bisdiphenylphosphinoferrocene]-palladium(II) dichloride (9 mg, 0.011 mmol) are combined in a solution of degassed toluene/DME/ethanol/water (3:2:2:1, 3 mL). The vessel is heated to 90° C. for 20 min in a microwave reactor. In a separate vessel, intermediate A (50 mg, 0.12 mmol), bis(pinacolato)diboron (30 mg, 0.12 mmol), KOAc (35 mg, 0.36 mmol) and bis(di-tert-butyl(4-dimethylaminophenyl)phosphine)dichloropalladium(II) (8 mg, 0.011 mmol) are combined in degassed 1,4 dioxane (3 mL). The reaction is heated to 90° C. for 20 min in a microwave reactor. The contents of the two vessels are combined and Na₂CO_(3(aq)) (2M, 1 mL) is added. The reaction is heated to 120° C. for 30 min in a microwave reactor. The vessel is cooled to rt and the contents filtered and concentrated. The resultant residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield Example 9. MS (ES+): m/z 537.2 [M+H]⁺.

Synthesis of Example 11

Intermediate AC (252 mg, 1.18 mmol), bis(pinacolato)diboron (600 mg, 2.36 mmol), potassium acetate (348 mg, 2.36 mmol) and [1,1′-bisdiphenylphosphinoferrocene]-palladium(II) dichloride (95 mg, 0.118 mmol) are combined in a solution of degassed toluene/DME/ethanol/water (3:2:2:1, 3 mL). The vessel is heated to 90° C. for 20 min in a microwave reactor. In a separate vessel, intermediate A (500 mg, 1.18 mmol), bis(pinacolato)diboron (600 mg, 2.36 mmol), potassium acetate (348 mg, 2.36 mmol) and bis(di-tert-butyl(4-dimethylaminophenyl)phosphine)dichloropalladium(II) (84 mg, 0.118 mmol) are combined in degassed 1,4 dioxane (3 mL). The reaction is heated to 90° C. for 20 min in a microwave reactor. The contents of the two vessels are combined and Na₂CO_(3 (aq)) (2M, 1 mL) is added. The reaction is heated to 120° C. for 30 min in a microwave reactor. The vessel is cooled to rt and the contents filtered and concentrated. The resultant residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield Example 11. MS (ES+): m/z 521.4 [M+H]⁺.

Synthesis of Example 15

Intermediate AE (283 mg, 1.18 mmol), bis(pinacolato)diboron (600 mg, 2.36 mmol), potassium acetate (348 mg, 3.54 mmol) and [1,1′-bisdiphenylphosphinoferrocene]-palladium(II) dichloride (95 mg, 0.12 mmol) are combined in a solution of degassed toluene/DME/ethanol/water (3:2:2:1, 3 mL). The vessel is heated to 90° C. for 20 min in a microwave reactor. In a separate vessel, intermediate A (500 mg, 1.18 mmol), bis(pinacolato)diboron (600 mg, 2.36 mmol), potassium acetate (348 mg, 3.54 mmol) and bis(di-tert-butyl(4-dimethylaminophenyl)phosphine)dichloropalladium(II) (84 mg, 0.12 mmol) are combined in degassed 1,4 dioxane (3 mL). The reaction is heated to 90° C. for 20 min in a microwave reactor. The contents of the two vessels are combined and 2M sodium bicarbonate (1 mL) is added. The reaction is heated to 120° C. for 30 min in a microwave reactor. The vessel is cooled to rt and the contents filtered and concentrated. The resultant residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield Example 15. MS (ES+): m/z 547.4 [M+H]⁺.

Synthesis of Example 17

Intermediate AB (52 mg, 0.23 mmol), bis(pinacolato)diboron (58 mg, 0.23 mmol), KOAc (67 mg, 0.23 mmol) and [1,1′-bisdiphenylphosphinoferrocene]-palladium(II) dichloride (18 mg, 0.23 mmol) are combined in a solution of degassed toluene/DME/ethanol/water (3:2:2:1, 3 mL). The vessel is heated to 90° C. for 20 min in a microwave reactor. In a separate vessel, intermediate G (100 mg, 0.23 mmol), bis(pinacolato)diboron (58 mg, 0.23 mmol), KOAc (67 mg, 0.69 mmol) and bis(di-tert-butyl(4-dimethylaminophenyl)phosphine)dichloropalladium(II) (16 mg, 0.023 mmol) are combined in degassed 1,4 dioxane (3 mL). The reaction is heated to 90° C. for 20 min in a microwave reactor. The contents of the two vessels are combined and Na₂CO_(3 (aq)) (2M, 1 mL) is added. The reaction is heated to 120° C. for 30 min in a microwave reactor. The vessel is cooled to rt and the contents filtered and concentrated. The resultant residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield Example 17. MS (ES+): m/z 551.4 [M+H]⁺.

Synthesis of Example 63

Intermediate AB (105 mg, 0.46 mmol), bis(pinacolato)diboron (175 mg, 0.69 mmol), potassium acetate (67 mg, 0.69 mmol) and [1,1′-bisdiphenylphosphinoferrocene]-palladium(II) dichloride (18 mg, 0.045 mmol) are combined in a solution of degassed toluene/DME/ethanol/water (3:2:2:1, 3 mL). The vessel is heated to 90° C. for 20 min in a microwave reactor. In a separate vessel, intermediate B (100 mg, 0.23 mmol), bis(pinacolato)diboron (175 mg, 0.69 mmol), KOAc (67 mg, 0.69 mmol) and bis(di-tert-butyl(4-dimethylaminophenyl)phosphine)dichloropalladium(II) (16 mg, 0.045 mmol) are combined in degassed 1,4 dioxane (3 mL). The reaction is heated to 90° C. for 20 min in a microwave reactor. The contents of the two vessels are combined and 2M sodium bicarbonate (1 mL) is added. The reaction is heated to 120° C. for 30 min in a microwave reactor. The vessel is cooled to rt and the contents filtered and concentrated. The resultant residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield Example 63. MS (ES+): m/z 548.0 [M+H]⁺.

Synthesis of Example 65

Intermediate AC (174 mg, 0.820 mmol), bis(pinacolato)diboron (277 mg, 1.093 mmol), potassium acetate (161 mg, 1.64 mmol) and [1,1′-bisdiphenylphosphinoferrocene]-palladium(II) dichloride (43 mg, 0.055 mmol) are combined in a solution of degassed toluene/DME/ethanol/water (3:2:2:1, 3 mL). The vessel is heated to 90° C. for 20 min in a microwave reactor. In a separate vessel, intermediate X (247 mg, 0.547 mmol), bis(pinacolato)diboron (277 mg, 0.820 mmol), potassium acetate (161 mg, 1.64 mmol) and bis(di-tert-butyl(4-dimethylaminophenyl)phosphine)dichloropalladium(II) (43 mg, 0.055 mmol) are combined in degassed 1,4 dioxane (3 mL). The reaction is heated to 90° C. for 20 min in a microwave reactor. The contents of the two vessels are combined and Na₂CO_(3 (aq)) (2M, 1 mL) is added. The reaction is heated to 120° C. for 30 min in a microwave reactor. The vessel is cooled to rt and the contents filtered and concentrated. The resultant residue is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield Example 65. MS (ES+): m/z 550.0 [M+H]⁺.

The following compounds are prepared in an analogous manner: Examples 1-8, 10, 12-14, 16, 18-62, 64, 66-92, 129.

Method 14 Synthesis of Example 93

A mixture of AJ (100 mg, 0.21 mmol), intermediate AI (83.7 mg, 0.32 mmol), K₃PO₄ (91 mg, 0.43 mmol), and Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (26 mg, 0.03 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (2 mL) is purged with argon, and then H₂O (0.25 mL) is added. The mixture is stirred at 100° C. for 18 h. After cooling to rt, the mixture is diluted with water (2 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×5 mL). The combined organic phase is dried (Na₂SO₄), decanted and concentrated. The resultant residue is purified by reversed HPLC to yield Example 93. MS (ES+): m/z 584.0 [M+H]⁺.

Synthesis of Example 136

A mixture of NNN (3500 mg, 8.05 mmol), intermediate BG (2149 mg, 12.07 mmol), K₃PO₄ (3417 mg, 16.09 mmol), and Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (986 mg, 1.21 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (60 mL) is purged with argon, and then H₂O (6 mL) is added. The mixture is stirred at 100° C. for 18 h. After cooling to rt, the mixture is diluted with water (2 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×5 mL). The combined organic phase is dried (Na₂SO₄), decanted and concentrated. The resultant residue is purified by reversed HPLC to yield Example 136. MS (ES+): m/z 533.0 [M+H]⁺.

Synthesis of Example 158

A mixture of MMM (3360 mg, 7.49 mmol), intermediate BG (2664 mg, 14.97 mmol), K₃PO₄ (3177 mg, 14.97 mmol), and Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (916 mg, 1.12 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (60 mL) is purged with argon, and then H₂O (6 mL) is added. The mixture is stirred at 100° C. for 18 h. After cooling to rt, the mixture is diluted with water (2 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×5 mL). The combined organic phase is dried (Na₂SO₄), decanted and concentrated. The resultant residue is purified by reversed HPLC to yield Example 158. MS (ES+): m/z 539.3.0 [M+H]⁺.

The following compounds are prepared in an analogous manner:

Examples 94-128, 130-132, 134, 137-144, 146-157, 159-199, 201-265.

Synthesis of Example 133

A mixture of AC (5.39 g, 25.3 mmol), bis(pinacolato) diboron (10.4 g, 40.5 mmol), potassium acetate (3.98 g, 40.5 mmol), and Pd(dppf)Cl₂ DCM complex (0.83 g, 1.01 mmol) in DME/Tol/EtOH/H₂O (10:6:3:1) is purged with argon, sealed, and stirred at 80° C. for 30 min. This is added to an argon purged mixture of BU-1 (2.70 g, 10.1 mmol) and Pd(amphos)Cl₂ (0.71 g, 1.01 mmol) and the sealed mixture is heated to 110° C. for 2 h. The mixture is then concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, filtered and then concentrated again. The crude is purified by SiO₂ flash chromatography to yield BU-2.

To a solution of the BU-2 (856 mg, 2.35 mmol) in DCM (15 ml) is added oxalyl chloride (596 mg, 4.70 mmol) followed by 5 drops of DMF. The reaction is allowed to stir for 18 h. The reaction is then concentrated and the residue yields BU-3 which is carried on as is.

To a stirred solution of the BU-3 (150 mg, 0.36 mmol) in DMF is added DIEA (196 uL, 1.41 mmol) at rt. After 10 minutes BU-4 (84.1 mg, 0.42 mmol) is added and the reaction is stirred at rt for 10 min. The mixture is then concentrated and purified by reversed HPLC (NH₄CO₃) to yield Example 133. MS (ES+): m/z 509.1 [M+H]⁺.

Example 135 and 145 are synthesized in a fashion analogous to Example 133.

Method XX Synthesis of Example 200

To a solution of 216 (100 mg, 0.195 mmol) in dioxane (2 mL)/water (1 mL) is added LiOH (28.0 mg, 1.17 mmol). The reaction is stirred at rt for 16 h. The mixture is concentrated and dissolved in water, acidified with 1N HCl to pH-5, filtered, washed with water, and dried in vacuum oven to yield 200. MS (ES+): m/z 498.1 [M+H]⁺

Biological Activity

The compounds of the present invention have activity as modulators of RORγ (retinoid acid receptor-related orphan receptor γ).

Reporter Gene Assay (RGA)

A nuclear receptor transactivation assay is performed to quantitate the ability of test compounds to inhibit RORγ transactivation of a luciferase reporter. A similar assay is described in: Khan et al., Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 23 (2013), 532-536.

The system uses transiently transfected HEK 293 cells cotransfected with two plasmids (pGL4.3, luc2P/GAL4UAS/Hygro, and pBIND, Gal4DBD hRORC LBD1-3). The positive control is co-transiently transfected with both plasmids, and the negative control contains the pGL4.3 promoter sequence. Assays are assembled in 384 well plates where transiently transfected cells and test compound at varying concentrations are incubated for 20-24 h. The next day, assays plates are taken out and equilibrated at RT for 20-30 minutes. Bright-Glo™ Luciferase Assay System is used to detect Luciferase production. After addition of Bright GLO detection reagent, the plates are incubated at RT for 20 minutes. The plates are read on an Envision plate reader to measure luminescence signal. The RLU signal is converted to POC relative to control and blank wells.

Cell Seeding Media: RPMI 1640-Invitrogen #11875135), 2.5% FBS-Invitrogen #26140, 1× Penicillin-Streptomycin-Gibco #15140 Compound Dilution Buffer: 1×HBSS-Invitrogen #14025126 Assay Plates: Greiner #781080-020 Bright Glo Luciferase Assay System: Promega #E2620

Thaw lysis buffer provided in kit, add 100 mL lysis buffer to substrate powder.

The below table presents the results obtained when the compounds of the present invention were tested in the above assay, demonstrating their activity as modulators of RORγ:

TABLE II Table of Biological Activity in Reporter Gene Assay RGA IC₅₀ Example (nM) 1 210 2 230 3 230 4 250 5 260 6 260 7 280 8 290 9 300 10 300 11 300 12 300 13 300 14 310 15 310 16 320 17 330 18 330 19 330 20 330 21 360 22 360 23 390 24 390 25 410 26 420 27 420 28 440 29 470 30 550 31 560 32 640 33 670 34 730 35 870 36 880 37 930 38 1100 39 1100 40 1400 41 1400 42 1500 43 2600 44 2800 45 2900 46 3000 47 3200 48 3800 49 4300 50 4400 51 7600 52 420 53 680 54 420 55 1400 56 1400 57 560 58 420 59 850 60 750 61 470 62 990 63 930 64 920 65 590 66 410 67 370 68 330 69 320 70 630 71 480 72 250 73 290 74 410 75 590 76 1600 77 1600 78 2400 79 610 80 1100 81 1700 82 380 83 2200 84 400 85 290 86 550 87 310 88 3400 89 750 90 4100 91 1800 92 850 93 110 94 125 95 355 96 320 97 101 98 195 99 265 100 130 101 115 102 250 103 82 104 3000 105 1600 106 1150 107 560 108 300 109 790 110 1350 111 460 112 920 113 108 114 107 115 67 116 300 117 155 118 225 119 720 120 420 121 130 122 150 123 135 124 97 125 175 126 119 127 570 128 160 129 2500 130 285 131 205 132 243 133 1035 134 400 135 240 136 255 137 278 138 160 139 700 140 730 141 925 142 333 143 134 144 162 145 95 146 435 147 250 148 505 149 305 150 230 151 255 152 470 153 375 154 295 155 185 156 275 157 92 158 106 159 91 160 285 161 375 162 795 163 160 164 410 165 157 166 1600 167 270 168 435 169 145 170 235 171 200 172 440 173 690 174 275 175 380 176 550 177 73 178 240 179 675 180 235 181 175 182 130 183 325 184 295 185 175 186 150 187 255 188 315 189 120 190 130 191 86 192 83 193 99 194 180 195 183 196 157 197 225 198 225 199 120 200 855 201 75 202 455 203 800 204 665 205 80 206 777 207 1400 208 125 209 75 210 150 211 225 212 120 213 155 214 220 215 330 216 1385 217 160 218 170 219 280 220 390 221 350 222 1250 223 135 224 120 225 230 226 155 227 455 228 595 229 530 230 270 231 195 232 180 233 155 234 590 235 425 236 185 237 265 238 400 239 205 240 600 241 310 242 395 243 230 244 475 245 1700 246 645 247 385 248 540 249 530 250 190 251 158 252 325 253 340 254 455 255 285 256 1900 257 155 258 210 259 190 260 515 261 470 262 4000 263 4300 264 5900 265 4800

Methods of Therapeutic Use

On the basis of their biological properties the compounds of formula (I) according to the invention, or their tautomers, racemates, enantiomers, diastereomers, mixtures thereof and the salts of all the above-mentioned forms are suitable for treating autoimmune and allergic disorders in that they exhibit good modulatory effect upon RORγ.

The present invention is therefore directed to compounds of general formula (I), and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and all tautomers, racemates, enantiomers, diastereomers, mixtures thereof, which are useful in the treatment of a disease and/or condition wherein the activity of RORγ modulators is of therapeutic benefit, including but not limited to the treatment of autoimmune or allergic disorders.

Such disorders that may be treated by the compounds of the invention include for example: rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythromatosis, lupus nephritis, systemic sclerosis, vasculitis, scleroderma, asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic eczema, multiple sclerosis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, type I diabetes, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, graft versus host disease, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, atherosclerosis, uveitis and non-radiographic spondyloarthropathy.

For treatment of the above-described diseases and conditions, a therapeutically effective dose will generally be in the range of approximately 0.01 mg to about 10 mg/kg of body weight per dosage of a compound of the invention; preferably, from about 0.1 mg to about 5 mg/kg of body weight per dosage. For example, for administration to a 70 kg person, the dosage range would be approximately 0.7 mg to about 750 mg per dosage of a compound of the invention, preferably from about 7.0 mg to about 350 mg per dosage. Some degree of routine dose optimization may be required to determine an optimal dosing level and pattern. The active ingredient may be administered from 1 to 6 times a day.

General Administration and Pharmaceutical Compositions

When used as pharmaceuticals, the compounds of the invention are typically administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition. Such compositions can be prepared using procedures well known in the pharmaceutical art and generally comprise at least one compound of the invention and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The compounds of the invention may also be administered alone or in combination with adjuvants that enhance stability of the compounds of the invention, facilitate administration of pharmaceutical compositions containing them in certain embodiments, provide increased dissolution or dispersion, increased antagonist activity, provide adjunct therapy, and the like. The compounds according to the invention may be used on their own or in conjunction with other active substances according to the invention, optionally also in conjunction with other pharmacologically active substances. In general, the compounds of this invention are administered in a therapeutically or pharmaceutically effective amount, but may be administered in lower amounts for diagnostic or other purposes.

Administration of the compounds of the invention, in pure form or in an appropriate pharmaceutical composition, can be carried out using any of the accepted modes of administration of pharmaceutical compositions. Thus, administration can be, for example, orally, buccally (e.g., sublingually), nasally, parenterally, topically, transdermally, vaginally, or rectally, in the form of solid, semi-solid, lyophilized powder, or liquid dosage forms, such as, for example, tablets, suppositories, pills, soft elastic and hard gelatin capsules, powders, solutions, suspensions, or aerosols, or the like, preferably in unit dosage forms suitable for simple administration of precise dosages. The pharmaceutical compositions will generally include a conventional pharmaceutical carrier or excipient and a compound of the invention as the/an active agent, and, in addition, may include other medicinal agents, pharmaceutical agents, carriers, adjuvants, diluents, vehicles, or combinations thereof. Such pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, carriers, or additives as well as methods of making pharmaceutical compositions for various modes or administration are well-known to those of skill in the art. The state of the art is evidenced, e.g., by Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th Edition, A. Gennaro (ed.), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000; Handbook of Pharmaceutical Additives, Michael & Irene Ash (eds.), Gower, 1995; Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, A. H. Kibbe (ed.), American Pharmaceutical Ass'n, 2000; H. C. Ansel and N. G. Popovish, Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, 5th ed., Lea and Febiger, 1990; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entireties to better describe the state of the art. As one of skill in the art would expect, the forms of the compounds of the invention utilized in a particular pharmaceutical formulation will be selected (e.g., salts) that possess suitable physical characteristics (e.g., water solubility) that are required for the formulation to be efficacious.

All patent and non-patent documents or literature cited in this application are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. 

1. A compound of formula (I)

wherein: R¹ is: —CN; —S(O)_(n)R⁶; —S(O)_(n)NR⁷R⁸; —S(O)(NR⁹)R⁶; —N(R⁹)C(O)R⁶; —N(R⁹)C(O)OR⁶; —N(R⁹)S(O)_(n)R⁶; —C(O)OR⁹; —C(O)NR⁷R⁸; or —C(O)R⁹; or R⁶, R⁷, R⁸ or R⁹ of R¹ may be cyclized onto W to form a ring; and R² and R³ are each independently: (A) —H; (B) C₁₋₃ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two or three groups selected from: a) C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl; b) —OR⁹; c) —CN; d) —CF₃; e) -halo; f) —C(O)OR⁹; g) —C(O)N(R⁹)₂; h) —S(O)_(n)R⁹; and i) —S(O)_(n)NR⁷R⁸; or (C) C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl; (D) C₃₋₆ heterocyclyl; or R² and R³ are taken together with the carbon to which they are attached to form a C₃₋₆ carbocyclic ring; or R² and R³ are taken together with the carbon to which they are attached to form a C₃₋₆ heterocyclic ring; or R² or R³ may be cyclized onto W to form a ring; R⁴ is: (A) C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two or three groups selected from: a) C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl; b) C₃₋₆ heterocyclyl; c) —OR⁹; d) —CN; e) —S(O)_(n)R⁹; f) -halo; and g) —CF₃; or (B) C₃₋₁₂ cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one, two or three groups selected from: a) C₁₋₆ alkyl; b) —OR⁹; c) —CN; d) —S(O)_(n)R⁹; e) -halo; and f) —CF₃; or (C) aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl each optionally substituted with one, two or three groups selected from: a) C₁₋₆ alkyl; b) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl; c) —OR⁹; d) —CN; e) —S(O)_(n)R⁹; f) -halo; and g) —CF₃; R⁵ is aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or C₃₋₁₂ cycloalkyl each optionally substituted with one, two or three groups selected from: (A) C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl or C₃₋₆ heterocyclyl each optionally substituted with one, two or three groups selected from: a) C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl; b) C₃₋₆ heterocyclyl; c) —OR⁹; d) —CN; e) —S(O)_(n)NR⁷R⁸ f) —S(O)_(n)R⁹; g) -halo; and h) —CF₃; or (B) —OR⁹; (C) —CN; (D) —CF₃; (E) -halo; (F) —S(O)_(n)NR⁷R⁸; (G) —S(O)_(n)R⁹; and (H) —NR⁷R⁸; W is aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, C₃₋₁₂ cycloalkyl, or alkynyl each optionally substituted with one or two groups selected from: a) C₁₋₆ alkyl; b) C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl; c) —OR⁹; d) —CN; e) —CF₃; f) -halo; g) —NR⁷R⁸; h) —C(O)OR⁹; and i) —C(O)N(R⁹)₂; R⁶ is selected from: (A) —OH; (B) C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or two groups selected from: a) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl; b) —OR⁹; c) —CN; d) —CF₃; and e) -halo; (C) C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl; and (D) —CF₃; R⁷ and R⁸ are independently selected from: (A) —H; (B) C₁₋₃ alkyl optionally substituted with one or two groups selected from: a) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl; b) —OR⁹; c) —CN; and d) -halo; and (C) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl; or R⁷ and R⁸, together with the nitrogen to which they are bonded, form a saturated ring with 3-6 carbon atoms wherein one carbon atom in said saturated ring may be optionally replaced by —O—, —NR⁹— or —S(O)_(n)—; R⁹ is selected from; (A) —H; (B) C₁₋₃ alkyl optionally substituted with one or two groups selected from: a) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl; b) —OR⁹; c) —CN; d) —CF₃ e) -halo; or (C) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl; and n is 0, 1 or 2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 2. A compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R¹ is: —CN, —S(O)_(n)R⁶, —S(O)_(n)NR⁷R⁸; —N(H)S(O)_(n)R⁶; or —S(O)(NH)R⁶; and wherein: R⁶ is: (A) C₁₋₃ alkyl optionally substituted with one or two groups selected from: a) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl; b) —OR⁹; and c) —CN; or (B) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl; R⁷ and R⁸ are each independently: (A) —H; or (B) C₁₋₃ alkyl; and R⁹ is selected from; (A) —H; (B) C₁₋₃ alkyl; or (C) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl; and n is 1 or
 2. 3. A compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R¹ is: —S(O)_(n)R⁶, —S(O)_(n)NR⁷R⁸, or —S(O)(NH)R⁶; and wherein: R⁶ is: (A) C₁₋₃ alkyl optionally substituted with one or two groups selected from: a) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl; b) —OR⁹; and c) —CN; or (B) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl; R⁷ and R⁸ are each independently: (A) —H; or (B) C₁₋₃ alkyl; and R⁹ is selected from: (A) —H; (B) C₁₋₃ alkyl; or (C) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl; and n is 1 or
 2. 4. A compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R¹ is —S(O)_(n)R⁶, —S(O)_(n)NR⁷R⁸ or —S(O)(NH)R⁶; and R⁶ is C₁₋₃ alkyl; and R⁷ and R⁸ are each independently: (A) —H; or (B) C₁₋₃ alkyl; and n is
 2. 5. A compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R² and R³ are each independently selected from: (A) —H; (B) C₁₋₃ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two or three groups selected from: a) C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl; b) —OR⁹; or c) -halo; or R² and R³ are taken together with the carbon to which they are attached to form a C₃₋₆ carbocyclic ring; or R² and R³ are taken together with the carbon to which they are attached to form a C₃₋₆ heterocyclic ring; and R⁹ is selected from: (A) —H; and (B) C₁₋₃ alkyl.
 6. A compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R² and R³ are each independently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl.
 7. A compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R² and R³ are H.
 8. A compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R⁴ is: (A) C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two or three groups selected from: a) C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl; b) a 4, 5 or 6-membered heterocyclyl; c) —OR₉; d) —CN; e) -halo; and f) —CF₃; or (B) C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one, two or three groups selected from: a) C₁₋₆ alkyl; b) —OR⁹; c) —CN; d) -halo; and e) —CF₃; and wherein one carbon in said C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl may be optionally replaced by —O—; (C) Phenyl; or (D) a 4, 5 or 6-membered heterocyclyl; and R⁹ is selected from: (A) —H; and (B) C₁₋₃ alkyl.
 9. A compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R⁴ is: (A) C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or two groups selected from: a) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl; b) a 4, 5, or 6-membered heterocyclyl; c) —OR⁹; d) —CN; e) -halo; and f) —CF₃; or (B) C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one, two or three groups selected from: a) C₁₋₆ alkyl; b) —OR⁹; c) —CN; d) -halo; and e) —CF₃; or (C) Phenyl; or (D) a 5 or 6-membered heterocyclyl; and R⁹ is C₁₋₃ alkyl.
 10. A compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R⁴ is: (A) C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or two groups selected from C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, halo, —CF₃, and C₁₋₃ alkoxy; or (B) C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or two groups selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, —CF₃, and halo; or (C) a 5-membered heterocyclyl.
 11. A compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R⁵ is aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl, each optionally substituted with one, two or three groups selected from: a) C₁₋₆ alkyl; b) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl; c) —OR⁹; d) —CN; e) —CF₃; f) -halo; and g) —NR⁷R⁸; and R⁷, R⁸ and R⁹ are each independently selected from: (A) —H; and (B) C₁₋₃ alkyl.
 12. A compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R⁵ is: (A) phenyl optionally substituted with one, two or three groups selected from: a) C₁₋₆ alkyl; b) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl; c) —OR⁹; d) —CN; e) —CF₃; and f) -halo; or (B) a 5 or 6-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with one, two or three groups selected from: a) C₁₋₆ alkyl; b) C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl; c) —OR⁹; d) —CN; e) —CF₃; f) -halo; and g) —NR⁷R⁸; and R⁷, R⁸ and R⁹ are each independently selected from: (A) —H; and (B) C₁₋₃ alkyl.
 13. A compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R⁵ is pyridinyl or pyrimidinyl each optionally substituted with one, two or three groups selected from: a) C₁₋₆ alkyl; b) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl; c) —OR⁹; d) —CF₃; and e) —NR⁷R⁸; and R⁷ and R⁸ are each independently selected from: (A) —H; (B) C₁₋₃ alkyl; and R⁹ is C₁₋₃ alkyl.
 14. A compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R⁵ is pyrimidinyl optionally substituted with one or two groups selected from: a) C₁₋₃ alkyl; b) C₃₋₅ cycloalkyl; c) C₁₋₃ alkoxy; and d) —CF₃.
 15. A compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: W is phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, piperidinyl, piperizinyl, pyrazinyl or C₃₋₁₂ cycloalkyl, each optionally substituted with one or two groups selected from: a) C₁₋₆ alkyl; b) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl; c) —OR⁹; d) —CN; e) —CF₃; f) -halo; g) —NR⁷R⁸ h) —C(O)OR⁹; and i) —C(O)N(R⁹)₂; R⁷, R⁸ and R⁹ are each selected from: (A) —H; and (B) C₁₋₃ alkyl.
 16. A compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein W is phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl or piperidinyl.
 17. A compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R is: —S(O)_(n)R⁶, —S(O)_(n)NR⁷R⁸, or —S(O)(NH)R⁶; R² and R³ are each independently selected from: (A) —H; and (B) C₁₋₃ alkyl; R⁴ is: (A) C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or two groups selected from: a) C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl; b) a 4, 5, or 6-membered heterocyclyl; c) —OR⁹; d) —CN; e) -halo; and f) —CF₃; (B) C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one, two or three groups selected from: a) C₁₋₆ alkyl; b) —OR₉; c) —CN; d) -halo; and e) —CF₃; (C) Phenyl; or (D) a 5 or 6-membered heterocyclyl; R⁵ is: (A) phenyl optionally substituted with one or two groups selected from: a) C₁₋₆ alkyl; b) C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl; c) —OR⁹; d) —CN; e) —CF₃; and f) -halo; or (B) Pyridinyl or pyrimidinyl each optionally substituted with one, two or three groups selected from: a) C₁₋₆ alkyl; b) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl; c) —OR⁹; d) —CN; e) —CF₃; f) -halo; and g) —NR⁷R⁸; and W is phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, piperidinyl or C₃₋₁₂ cycloalkyl, each optionally substituted with one or two groups selected from: a) C₁₋₆ alkyl; b) C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl; c) —OR⁹; d) —CN; e) —CF₃; f) -halo; g) —NR⁷R⁸ h) —C(O)OR⁹; and i) —C(O)N(R⁹)₂; R⁶ is: (A) C₁₋₃ alkyl optionally substituted with one or two groups selected from: a) C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl; b) —OR⁹ and b) —CN; or (B) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl; R⁷, R⁸ and R⁹ are each independently: (A) —H; or (B) C₁₋₃ alkyl; and n is
 2. 18. A compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R¹ is —S(O)_(n)R⁶ or —S(O)_(n)NR⁷R⁸; and R² and R³ are H; R⁴ is: (A) C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or two groups selected from C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, —CF₃, and C₁₋₃ alkoxy; or (B) C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or two groups selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, —CN, and halo; or (C) 5-membered heterocyclyl; R⁵ is pyrimidinyl optionally substituted with one, two or three groups selected from: a) C₁₋₆ alkyl; b) C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl; c) —OR⁹; d) —CF₃; and e) —NR⁷R⁸; W is phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl or piperidinyl; R⁶ is C₁₋₃ alkyl; R⁷, R⁸ R⁹ are each independently: (A) —H; or (B) C₁₋₃ alkyl; and n is
 2. 19. A compound of formula (I) according to claim 18, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R⁵ is pyrimidinyl optionally substituted with one or two groups selected from: a) C₁₋₃ alkyl; b) C₃₋₅ cycloalkyl; and c) C₁₋₃ alkoxy; and W is phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl or piperidinyl.
 20. A compound selected from the compounds in the following table: Example Structure 1

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or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 21. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 22. A method for treating an autoimmune disease or allergic disorder in a patient comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 23. A method according to claim 22, wherein the autoimmune disease or allergic disorder is selected from rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythromatosis, lupus nephritis, scleroderma, asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic eczema, multiple sclerosis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, type I diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, graft versus host disease, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, uveitis and non-radiographic spondyloarthropathy. 